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[Πρόγραμμα Χειμερινής Εξεταστικής 2024-2025]

Πρόγραμμα Χειμερινής Εξεταστικής 2024-2025

[Karaμazoβ]

αμφισβητείς την πηγή του;!;

οχι βεβαια! Απλα την ισχυροποιώ με αρχαίες αναφορες. 

Τα Διονυσιακά τα εξεδιδε και ο Δ. Λιακόπουλος 

[Karaμazoβ]

Εν αναμονή του Rome II: Total War...







The Lamian War, or the Hellenic War (323 BC - 322 BC) was fought by a coalition of Greek cities including Athens and the Aetolian League against Macedon and its ally Boeotia. The war ended in a Macedonian victory.

In 323 BC, Alexander the Great died leaving the empire to be governed by his generals for his unborn son, Alexander IV. Athens revolted against the control of Macedon and took the opportunity to form a coalition of Greek cities in an attempt to detach Greece from Macedon. The Greek forces commanded by Leosthenes had some initial successes defeating the Boeotians at Plataea before advancing north where at Thermopylae they defeated the Macedonian army of the regent Antipater. The defeated Macedonians fled to Lamia where they were besieged by the Greeks as Antipater waited for reinforcements to arrive from Asia.

The success of the Greeks on land was offset by the defeats of the Athenian fleet at the Hellespont and Amorgos by the Macedonian navy. The Macedonians, now with control of the sea were able to transfer troops to Europe. Though the Greeks defeated the Macedonian reinforcements at Rhamnus, the Macedonians were able to leave from Lamia and unite with the remnants of the defeated army. The combined Macedonian forces were assisted by the arrival of more troops from Asia and defeated the Greeks at the Crannon and effectively ended the revolt of the Greeks.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamian_War



[...]

Όροι συνθήκης

Ο Αντίπατρος θεωρώντας τους Αθηναίους ως πρωταίτιους του πολέμου απαίτησε τους ακόλουθους βαρείς όρους:

    Αλλαγή του πολιτεύματος της Αθήνας από δημοκρατικό σε τιμοκρατικό, δηλαδή να θεωρούνται πολίτες της Αθήνας οι έχοντες περιουσία τουλάχιστον 2.000 αττικών δραχμών.
    Οι Αθηναίοι να αποδεχθούν εγκατάσταση μακεδονικής φρουράς στη Μουνιχία (σημ. λόφο Καστέλας ή Προφ. Ηλία και Μικρολίμανο).
    Η Αθήνα να παραιτηθεί από τις αξιώσεις της και να αποσύρει από τα νησιά Ίμβρο, Λήμνο, Σκύρο και Σάμο όλες τις δυνάμεις κατοχής.
    Η Αθήνα να αναλάβει την καταβολή όλων των εξόδων του (Λαμιακού) πολέμου.
    Τέλος η Αθήνα να παραδώσει όλους τους ρήτορες πολιτικούς της αντιμακεδονικής μερίδας, με πρώτους τον Δημοσθένη και Υπερείδη.

Μετά την ήττα του στόλου τους στη ναυμαχία της Αμοργού το Σεπτέμβριο του 322 π.Χ., οι Αθηναίοι με μεγάλη τους λύπη αναγκάστηκαν να αποδεχτούν τους επώδυνους όρους και υπέγραψαν την ειρήνη. Μόνο τον τελευταίο όρο δεν τήρησαν, επειδή όλοι οι αντιμακεδονίζοντες είχαν διαφύγει, κυρίως στην Πελοπόννησο.

Διωγμός των ρητόρων

Τον Οκτώβριο του 322 π.Χ. ξεκίνησε ο διωγμός των ρητόρων στην Αττική, Βοιωτία, Κόρινθο αλλά και σε όλη τη Πελοπόννησο. Τέσσερις από αυτούς συνελήφθησαν στην Αίγινα, στο Ιερό του Αιακού. Οδηγήθηκαν στον Αντίπατρο, στις Κλεωνές όπου βρισκόταν, υπέστησαν βασανισμούς και εκτελέστηκαν, μεταξύ δε αυτών και ο Υπερείδης στον οποίο πριν την εκτέλεση του αφαιρέθηκε η γλώσσα. Ο δε Δημοσθένης πρόλαβε να πιει δηλητήριο, που είχε μαζί του, λίγο πριν τη σύλληψή του στο Ιερό του Ποσειδώνα στη Καλαυρεία (σημ. νήσος Πόρος), στο προαύλιο του οποίου και θάφτηκε. Από τον διωγμό αυτό κατά των αντιμακεδονιστών λέγεται ότι σώθηκαν μόλις 40 στην Αθήνα και περί τους 100 που πρόλαβαν να καταφύγουν στην Αιτωλία.

Τέλος ο Αντίπατρος έκανε χωριστές συνθήκες με τις άλλες πόλεις. Αφού εκκαθάρισε τον κυρίως Ελλαδικό χώρο από τα Κεραύνια όρη μέχρι το Ταίναρο, πλην της Αιτωλίας, από τους αντιμακεδονίζοντες ρήτορες, όρισε επιμελητή της Πελοποννήσου τον Κορίνθιο ρήτορα Δείναρχο και επέστρεψε στη Μακεδονία.

http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82

[Exomag]

Narcissism

Narcissism is a term that originated with Narcissus in Greek mythology who fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water. Currently it is used to describe a person characterized by egotism, vanity, pride, or selfishness. Narcissism has included particular meanings in specific fields:

• A concept in psychoanalytic theory, introduced in Sigmund Freud's On Narcissism
• An Axis II disorder, Narcissistic personality disorder, in DSM-IV
• A social or cultural problem
• A factor in trait theory used in some self-report inventories of personality such as the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

Except in the sense of primary narcissism or healthy self-love, narcissism is usually considered a problem in a person or group's relationships with self and others.


History
The term narcissism comes from the Greek myth of Narcissus, a handsome Greek youth who rejected the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. These advances eventually led Narcissus to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus "lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour," and finally changed into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus.

The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history. In ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. It is only in recent times that it has been defined in psychological terms.

• In 1752 Jean-Jacques Rousseau's play Narcissus: or the Self-Admirer was performed in Paris.
• In 1898 Havelock Ellis, an English sexologist, used the term "narcissus-like" in reference to excessive masturbation, whereby the person becomes his or her own sex object.
• In 1899, Paul Näcke was the first person to use the term "narcissism" in a study of sexual perversions.
• Otto Rank in 1911 published the first psychoanalytical paper specifically concerned with narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-admiration.
• Sigmund Freud published a paper exclusively devoted to narcissism in 1914 called On Narcissism: An Introduction.
• In 1923, Martin Buber published an essay "Ich und Du" (I and Thou), in which he pointed out that our narcissism often leads us to relate to others as objects instead of as equals.
• Since 2000, on psychological tests designed to detect narcissism, the scores of residents of the United States have continually increased. Psychologists have suggested a link to social networking.

Traits and signs
A 2012 popular book on power-hungry narcissists suggests that narcissists typically display most, and sometimes all, of the following traits:

• An obvious self-focus in interpersonal exchanges
• Problems in sustaining satisfying relationships
• A lack of psychological awareness (see insight in psychology and psychiatry, egosyntonic)
• Difficulty with empathy
• Problems distinguishing the self from others (see narcissism and boundaries)
• Hypersensitivity to any insults or imagined insults (see criticism and narcissists, narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury)
• Vulnerability to shame rather than guilt
• Haughty body language
• Flattery towards people who admire and affirm them (narcissistic supply)
• Detesting those who do not admire them (narcissistic abuse)
• Using other people without considering the cost of doing so
• Pretending to be more important than they really are
• Bragging (subtly but persistently) and exaggerating their achievements
• Claiming to be an "expert" at many things
• Inability to view the world from the perspective of other people
• Denial of remorse and gratitude

 
Hotchkiss' seven deadly sins of narcissism
Hotchkiss identified what she called the seven deadly sins of narcissism:

• Shamelessness: Shame is the feeling that lurks beneath all unhealthy narcissism, and the inability to process shame in healthy ways.
• Magical thinking: Narcissists see themselves as perfect, using distortion and illusion known as magical thinking. They also use projection to dump shame onto others.
• Arrogance: A narcissist who is feeling deflated may reinflate by diminishing, debasing, or degrading somebody else.
• Envy: A narcissist may secure a sense of superiority in the face of another person's ability by using contempt to minimize the other person.
• Entitlement: Narcissists hold unreasonable expectations of particularly favorable treatment and automatic compliance because they consider themselves special. Failure to comply is considered an attack on their superiority, and the perpetrator is considered an "awkward" or "difficult" person. Defiance of their will is a narcissistic injury that can trigger narcissistic rage.
• Exploitation: Can take many forms but always involves the exploitation of others without regard for their feelings or interests. Often the other is in a subservient position where resistance would be difficult or even impossible. Sometimes the subservience is not so much real as assumed.
• Bad boundaries: Narcissists do not recognize that they have boundaries and that others are separate and are not extensions of themselves. Others either exist to meet their needs or may as well not exist at all. Those who provide narcissistic supply to the narcissist are treated as if they are part of the narcissist and are expected to live up to those expectations. In the mind of a narcissist there is no boundary between self and other.

 
    


Source: Wikipedia

[Karaμazoβ]

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 


Τhe practice of slavery in Achaemenid Persia was generally banned, although there is evidence that conquered and/or rebellious armies were sold into captivity. Zoroastrianism, the de facto religion of the empire, explicitly forbids slavery, and the kings of Achaemenid Persia, especially the founder Cyrus the Great, followed this ban to varying degrees, as evidenced by the freeing of the Jews at Babylon, and the construction of Persepolis by paid workers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire



In general, mass slavery as a whole has never been practiced by Persians, and in many cases the situation and lives of semi-slaves (prisoners of war) were, in fact, better than those of the commoner.

Slavery was an existing institution in Egypt, Media and Babylonia before the rise of the Achaemenid empire.On the whole, in the Achaemenid empire, there was only small number of slaves in relation to the number of free persons and moreover the word used to call a slave was utilized also to express general dependence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran

[Karaμazoβ]

The Battle of Shiroyama (城山の戦い Shiroyama no tatakai?) took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion.

Following defeat at the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and in other battles in central Kyūshū, the surviving remnants of the samurai forces loyal to Saigō Takamori fled back to Satsuma, seizing the hill of Shiroyama overlooking Kagoshima on 1 September 1877. Imperial army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and marines under the command of Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi began arriving soon after, and the rebels were surrounded.

[...]


Following an intensive artillery bombardment the night of 24 September, imperial forces stormed the mountain in the early morning hours. The samurai, under heavy fire, charged the lines of the imperial army, which had not been trained for close-quarter sword fighting. In just a few minutes the once organized line turned into discord. Highly skilled samurai swordsmanship prevailed against an army with very little traditional training. For a short time Saigō's lines held, but was forced back due to weight of numbers. By 6 a.m., only 40 rebels were still alive. Saigō was wounded in the femoral artery and stomach. Losing blood rapidly, he asked to find a suitable spot to die. One of his most loyal followers, Beppu Shinsuke, carried him further down the hill on his shoulders. Legend says that Beppu acted as kaishakunin and aided Saigō in committing seppuku before he could be captured. However, other evidence contradicts this, stating that Saigō in fact died of the bullet wound and then had his head removed by Beppu in order to preserve his dignity.

Aftermath

On 22 February 1889, Emperor Meiji pardoned Saigō posthumously. Statues in Ueno Park, Tokyo and near the ruins of Kagoshima Castle stand in his memory. This battle inspired the final scenes of the 2003 movie, The Last Samurai.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiroyama



<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hv1ydRgeNrY" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hv1ydRgeNrY</a>






The Satsuma Rebellion (西南戦争 Seinan Sensō (Southwestern War)?) was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Its name comes from Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and become home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. The Rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877 until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed and its leader, Saigō Takamori, ended his life.

Saigō's rebellion was the last and most serious of a series of armed uprisings against the new government

[...]

Aftermath

Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government greatly, forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. The rebellion was also effectively the end of the samurai class, as the new Imperial Japanese Army built of conscripts without regard to social class had proven itself in battle. Saigō Takamori was labeled as a tragic hero by the people and on February 22, 1889, Emperor Meiji pardoned Saigō posthumously.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion

[Karaμazoβ]

Narcissism

Ενδιαφέρον...θα έλεγα οτι η επιρροή του ναρκισσισμού στις κοινωνικές σχέσεις ηταν υποτιμημένη, μεχρι πρόσφατα.

[Exomag]

Narcissism

Ενδιαφέρον...θα έλεγα οτι η επιρροή του ναρκισσισμού στις κοινωνικές σχέσεις ηταν υποτιμημένη, μεχρι πρόσφατα.

Ο ναρικισσισμός γενικά κάνει ένα άτομο δύσκολο στην φυσιολογική επικοινωνία με άλλους, και συνδέεται άμεσα με άλλα (επίσης επιβαρυντικά στις κοινωνικές σχέσεις) στοιχεία όπως εγωισμός, κλπ. Plus, έχει ωραία ιστορική/μυθολογική προέλευση

[Exomag]

Nepotism

Nepotism is favoritism granted in politics or business to relatives regardless of merit. The term originated with the assignment of nephews to cardinal positions by Catholic popes and bishops. Nepotism is found in the fields of politics, entertainment and business, particularly small businesses.


Definition
Nepotism is favoritism in politics or business granted to relatives regardless of merit. The word comes from the Italian word nepotismo, meaning nephew. At work, this can mean increased opportunity at a job, attaining the job or being paid more than other similarly situated people.


Origins
Nepotism got its name after the church practice in the Middle Ages, when some Catholic popes and bishops, who had taken vows of chastity, and therefore usually had no legitimate offspring of their own, gave their nephews such positions of preference as were often accorded by fathers to son.

Several popes elevated nephews and other relatives to the cardinalate. Often, such appointments were a means of continuing a papal "dynasty". For instance, Pope Callixtus III, head of the Borgia family, made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming Pope Alexander VI. Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become Pope Paul III.

Paul also engaged in nepotism, appointing, for instance, two nephews, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals. The practice was finally ended when Pope Innocent XII issued the bull Romanum decet Pontificem, in 1692. The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal.
   

Types of nepotism
Political
Nepotism is a common accusation in politics when the relative of a powerful figure ascends to similar power seemingly without appropriate qualifications. The British English expression "Bob's your uncle" is thought to have originated when Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, promoted his nephew, Arthur Balfour, to the esteemed post of Chief Secretary for Ireland, which was widely seen as an act of nepotism.

In entertainment
Outside of national politics, accusations of "nepotism" are made in instances of prima facie favoritism to relatives, in such cases as:

• Peaches Geldof's role as magazine editor in an MTV reality show - produced by a company owned by her father Bob Geldof.
• Hollywood's The Coppola family includes many distinguished filmmakers and actors. The careers of Sofia Coppola, Nicolas Cage, and Jason Schwartzman have been attributed to aid by director Francis Ford Coppola, who cast his daughter Sofia in The Godfather Part III. Cage changed his last name in order to distance himself from such charges.

In business
Arguments are made both for and against employment granted due to a family connection, which is most common in small, family run businesses. On one hand, nepotism can provide stability and continuity. Critics cite studies that demonstrate decreased morale and commitment from non-related employees, and a generally negative attitude towards superior positions filled through nepotism. An article from Forbes magazine stated "there is no ladder to climb when the top rung is reserved for people with a certain name."


Types of partiality
Nepotism refers to partiality to family whereas cronyism refers to partiality to an associate or friend. Favoritism, the broadest of the terms, refers to partiality based upon being part of a favored group, rather than job performance.
   


Source: Wikipedia

[τσαι-borg]

An ancient form of cheesecake may have been a popular dish in ancient Greece even prior to Romans' adoption of it with the conquest of Greece.[2] The earliest attested mention of a cheesecake is by the Greek physician Aegimus, who wrote a book on the art of making cheesecakes (πλακουντοποιικόν σύγγραμμα—plakountopoiikon suggramma).[3][4] Cato the Elder's De Agri Cultura includes recipes for two cakes for religious uses: libum and placenta.[5][6] Of the two, placenta is most like most modern cheesecakes, having a crust that is separately prepared and baked.[7] It is important to note that though these early forms are called cheese cakes, they differed greatly in taste and consistency from the cheesecake that we know today.

Modern commercial American cream cheese was developed in 1872, when William Lawrence, from Chester, New York, while looking for a way to recreate the soft, French cheese Neufchâtel, accidentally came up with a way of making an "unripened cheese" that is heavier and creamier; other dairymen came up with similar creations independently.[8] In 1912, James Kraft developed a form of pasteurized cream cheese. Kraft acquired the Philadelphia trademark in 1928, and marketed pasteurized Philadelphia Cream Cheese which is now the most commonly used cheese for cheesecake


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesecake

[Tempus Fugit]

Greece
    In Greece the cheese cake is made since ancient roman times and is traditionally made of mizithra. There are many regional variants of the mizithropita. This traditional context is often not known, and media influence make many Greeks think that it is an American delicacy and call it cheezz cake.



  uh?


ΥΓ: πέμμα

[Karaμazoβ]

An intellectual is a person who primarily uses intelligence in either a professional or an individual capacity. As a substantive or adjective, it refers to the work product of such persons, to the so-called "life of the mind" generally, or to an aspect of something where learning, erudition, and informed and critical thinking are the focus, as in "the intellectual level of the discourse on the matter was not high".


The intellectual is a specific variety of the intelligent, which unlike the general property, is strictly associated with reason and thinking. Many everyday roles require the application of intelligence to skills that may have a psychomotor component, for example, in the fields of medicine, sport or the arts, but these do not necessarily involve the practitioner in the "world of ideas". The distinctive quality of the intellectual person is that the mental skills, which he or she demonstrates, are not simply intelligent, but even more, they focus on thinking about the abstract, philosophical and esoteric aspects of human inquiry and the value of their thinking.

[...]



Marxism and intellectuals



Marxists interest themselves in the status of intellectuals in a number of ways: their class position, the way they form a reservoir of ideas, and in the public sphere, their ability to interpret and their potential as leaders. At the same time, intellectuals (from Karl Marx onwards) have taken an interest in Marxism from the most varied angles. A widely held view by Marxists is that intellectuals are alienated and anti-establishment. Although Marx seemed to imply in his reference to intellectuals that they are constantly engaged in an instinctive struggle with established institutions, including the state, 'such a struggle could be carried on within such institutions and in support of established institutions and against change'.

Antonio Gramsci, a theorist on intellectuals, argued that 'intellectuals view themselves as autonomous from the ruling class'. He suggests that this conceptualisation 'originates with intellectuals themselves, not with students of intellectual life'. His standpoint is that every social class needs its own intelligentsia, to shape its ideology, and that intellectuals must choose their social class. The extent to which ideological currents have influenced the twentieth century milieu has caused some observers of intellectual life to make ideology part of the definition of an intellectual. Lewis Feuer expresses this view when he states that 'no scientist or scholar is regarded as an intellectual unless he adheres to or seems to be searching for an ideology'.

Marxists believe intellectuals resemble the proletarian, by reason of their social position, making a living by selling their labour and therefore are often exploited by the power of capital. On the other hand, intellectuals perform mental work, often managerial work, and due to their higher income, they live in a manner comparable to that of the bourgeois. Intellectuals have been neutral instruments in the hands of different social forces. However, Marxists believe that ‘all knowledge is existentially based, and that intellectuals who create and preserve knowledge act as spokesmen for different social groups and articulate particular social interests’. Where Gramsci has said that intellectuals offer their knowledge on the market, Marxists suggest that ‘under modern Western capitalism, the intellectuals make commodities of the ideologies they produce and offer themselves for hire to the real social classes whose ideologies they formulate, whose intelligence they will become’. Marx believed that intellectuals aim to universalise their ideologies ‘then turn about and expose the partiality of those ideologies.’

Yet, for Harding, Marx's theory of the rise of the proletariat was to rely on the intellectuals of that historical period, as stated by Gramsci:

    A human mass does not 'distinguish' itself, does not become independent in it's [sic] own right without, in the widest sense, organising itself; and there is no organisation without intellectuals, that is without organisers and leaders, in other words, without... a group of people 'specialised' in conceptual and philosophical elaboration of ideas."

In this situation, as with other areas of society, it is the intellectuals, not the proletariat, who are to define the emancipation of the workers. According to Harding (1997), for the creation of any mass consciousness of ideals, intellectuals are essential. Alongside György Lukács, he also considers that, as a privileged class, it is they, not the workers, who can interpret 'totality', giving them the right to be considered leaders. Vladimir Lenin also maintained that the ideology of socialism was beyond the comprehension of the working classes. The intellectual level which was necessary for the development of such ideologies was, he maintained, out of the reach of the average worker.

Marxists believe that intellectuals talk and communicate in a certain language that is distinctive to other intellectuals and middle-class populations. Alvin Gouldner labels this language 'critical-reflexive discourse'. By this, Gouldner argues that 'intellectuals universally agree that their positions be defended by rational arguments and that the status of the individual making the argument should have no bearing on the outcome'.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual

[Karaμazoβ]

Caroleans (Swedish: karoliner) were the soldiers of the Swedish kings Charles XI and Charles XII.





[...]

To attain this steadfast discipline, the army had very strict rules. Even a soldier's private life was strained down by very strict rules, as they were supervised at their soldiers cabin as well as in the field. Religion was used as a tool for keeping the morale high amongst the troops. Not only within the army religion was used for military purposes, but regular priests also preached about the virtues of serving the crown and being a soldier in order for young men to join the army. Within the military, priests often participated in battles to raise morale amongst troops.

In order for soldiers from different regions and provinces of the kingdom to feel companionship and loyalty with fellow soldiers, soldiers from the same region or province were made stay with each other. The church also helped creating a feeling of solidarity between soldiers from different parts of the kingdom by showing that the soldiers fought for the same beliefs of the Swedish Lutheran church when facing an enemy army. This was also a reminder to the soldiers that God was protective and helped them in battle, as had been said since Sweden fought in the Thirty Years War as the continental leader of Protestantism. After the battle of Narva many soldiers believed that God had sent them the blizzard that helped them to victory. It was commonly thought that the defeat at Poltava was God's punishment for the soldiers' hubris and sins.


[...]


To take God's name in vain was amongst the worst crime a Carolean soldier could commit, and the punishment for this was death, since it was very important to keep the morale high amongst the troops, and the Christian religion was a way to do this. To interrupt a moment of prayer would as well lead to death penalty. The Carolean soldier was told not to fear, since if God meant him to die, he would die no matter if he dodged the bullets or not. The Carolean offensive tactics needed firm discipline.


<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzL4h1qveLU" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzL4h1qveLU</a>

[Nerevar]

Caroleans (Swedish: karoliner) were the soldiers of the Swedish kings Charles XI and Charles XII.





[...]

To attain this steadfast discipline, the army had very strict rules. Even a soldier's private life was strained down by very strict rules, as they were supervised at their soldiers cabin as well as in the field. Religion was used as a tool for keeping the morale high amongst the troops. Not only within the army religion was used for military purposes, but regular priests also preached about the virtues of serving the crown and being a soldier in order for young men to join the army. Within the military, priests often participated in battles to raise morale amongst troops.

In order for soldiers from different regions and provinces of the kingdom to feel companionship and loyalty with fellow soldiers, soldiers from the same region or province were made stay with each other. The church also helped creating a feeling of solidarity between soldiers from different parts of the kingdom by showing that the soldiers fought for the same beliefs of the Swedish Lutheran church when facing an enemy army. This was also a reminder to the soldiers that God was protective and helped them in battle, as had been said since Sweden fought in the Thirty Years War as the continental leader of Protestantism. After the battle of Narva many soldiers believed that God had sent them the blizzard that helped them to victory. It was commonly thought that the defeat at Poltava was God's punishment for the soldiers' hubris and sins.


[...]


To take God's name in vain was amongst the worst crime a Carolean soldier could commit, and the punishment for this was death, since it was very important to keep the morale high amongst the troops, and the Christian religion was a way to do this. To interrupt a moment of prayer would as well lead to death penalty. The Carolean soldier was told not to fear, since if God meant him to die, he would die no matter if he dodged the bullets or not. The Carolean offensive tactics needed firm discipline.


<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzL4h1qveLU" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzL4h1qveLU</a>

[Karaμazoβ]

Caroleans (Swedish: karoliner) were the soldiers of the Swedish kings Charles XI and Charles XII.

 

[Nerevar]

H πιο παλια τσιχλα που εχει βρεθει ειναι 9000 ετων:

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19930815&id=S5dKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=K5QMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4753,3669057