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[Grecs]

Activities[edit source | editbeta]

 A special project code-named Maruta used human beings for experiments. Test subjects were gathered from the surrounding population and were sometimes referred to euphemistically as "logs" (丸太 maruta?) This term originated as a joke on the part of the staff because the official cover story for the facility given to the local authorities was that it was a lumber mill. In an account by a man who worked as a "junior uniformed civilian employee" of the Japanese Army in Unit 731, the term Maruta came from German, meaning medical experiment, used in such contexts as, "How many logs fell?[14]

 The test subjects were selected to give a wide cross section of the population and included common criminals, captured bandits and anti-Japanese partisans, political prisoners, and also people rounded up by the Kempeitai for alleged "suspicious activities". They included infants, the elderly, and pregnant women.
 
Vivisection[edit source | editbeta]

 Prisoners of war were subjected to vivisection without anesthesia.[15] Vivisections were performed on prisoners after infecting them with various diseases. Scientists performed invasive surgery on prisoners, removing organs to study the effects of disease on the human body. These were conducted while the patients were alive because it was feared that the decomposition process would affect the results.[16] The infected and vivisected prisoners included men, women, children, and infants.[17]

 Prisoners had limbs amputated in order to study blood loss. Those limbs that were removed were sometimes re-attached to the opposite sides of the body. Some prisoners' limbs were frozen and amputated, while others had limbs frozen then thawed to study the effects of the resultant untreated gangrene and rotting.
 Some prisoners had their stomachs surgically removed and the esophagus reattached to the intestines. Parts of the brain, lungs, liver, etc. were removed from some prisoners.[15][18]
 In 2007, the Japanese army surgeon Ken Yuasa testified to the Japan Times that, "I was afraid during my first vivisection, but the second time around, it was much easier. By the third time, I was willing to do it." He believes at least 1,000 people, including surgeons, were involved in vivisections over mainland China.[19]

Germ warfare attacks[edit source | editbeta]

 Prisoners were injected with inoculations of disease, disguised as vaccinations, to study their effects. To study the effects of untreated venereal diseases, male and female prisoners were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea, then studied.
Plague fleas, infected clothing, and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. The resulting cholera, anthrax, and plague were estimated to have killed around 400,000 Chinese civilians. Tularemia was tested on Chinese civilians.[20]
Unit 731 and its affiliated units (Unit 1644 and Unit 100 among others) were involved in research, development, and experimental deployment of epidemic-creating biowarfare weapons in assaults against the Chinese populace (both civilian and military) throughout World War II. Plague-infested fleas, bred in the laboratories of Unit 731 and Unit 1644, were spread by low-flying airplanes upon Chinese cities, coastal Ningbo in 1940, and Changde, Hunan Province, in 1941. This military aerial spraying killed thousands of people with bubonic plague epidemics.[21]
Weapons testing[edit source | editbeta]
Human targets were used to test grenades positioned at various distances and in different positions. Flame throwers were tested on humans. Humans were tied to stakes and used as targets to test germ-releasing bombs, chemical weapons, and explosive bombs.[22][23]

Other experiments[edit source | editbeta]
 In other tests, subjects were deprived of food and water to determine the length of time until death; placed into high-pressure chambers until death; experimented upon to determine the relationship between temperature, burns, and human survival; placed into centrifuges and spun until death; injected with animal blood; exposed to lethal doses of x-rays; subjected to various chemical weapons inside gas chambers; injected with sea water to determine if it could be a substitute for saline; and burned or buried alive.[24]

Biological warfare[edit source | editbeta]

 Japanese scientists performed tests on prisoners with plague, cholera, smallpox, botulism, and other diseases.[25] This research led to the development of the defoliation bacilli bomb and the flea bomb used to spread the bubonic plague.[26] Some of these bombs were designed with ceramic (porcelain) shells, an idea proposed by Ishii in 1938.
These bombs enabled Japanese soldiers to launch biological attacks, infecting agriculture, reservoirs, wells, and other areas with anthrax, plague-carrier fleas, typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and other deadly pathogens. During biological bomb experiments, scientists dressed in protective suits would examine the dying victims. Infected food supplies and clothing were dropped by airplane into areas of China not occupied by Japanese forces. In addition, poisoned food and candies were given out to unsuspecting victims and children, and the results examined.
In 2002, Changde, China, site of the flea spraying attack, held an "International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare" which estimated that at least 580,000 people died as a result of the attack.[27] The historian Sheldon Harris claims that 200,000 died.[28] In addition to Chinese casualties, 1,700 Japanese in Chekiang were killed by their own biological weapons while attempting to unleash the biological agent, which evidences serious issues with distribution.[1]

...Many of the scientists involved in Unit 731 went on to prominent careers in post-war politics, academia, business, and medicine. Some were arrested by Soviet forces and tried at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials; others surrendered to the American Forces. It has been postulated that one reason the scientists were not tried was that the information and experience gained in the studies of the biological warfare was of a great value for the United States biological weapons development program.[8] On 6 May 1947, Douglas MacArthur, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence."[9] The deal was concluded in 1948....


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731

[Karaμazoβ]

...Many of the scientists involved in Unit 731 went on to prominent careers in post-war politics, academia, business, and medicine. Some were arrested by Soviet forces and tried at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials; others surrendered to the American Forces. It has been postulated that one reason the scientists were not tried was that the information and experience gained in the studies of the biological warfare was of a great value for the United States biological weapons development program.[8] On 6 May 1947, Douglas MacArthur, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence."[9] The deal was concluded in 1948....


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731

Operation Paperclip was the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) program used to recruit the scientists of Nazi Germany for employment by the United States in the aftermath of World War II (1939–45). It was conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), and in the context of the burgeoning Cold War (1945–91), one purpose of Operation Paperclip was to deny German scientific expertise and knowledge to the USSR, the UK, and the newly-divided East and West Germanies themselves.

Although the JIOA's recruitment of German scientists began after the Allied victory in Europe on 8 May 1945, US President Harry Truman did not formally order the execution of Operation Paperclip until August 1945. Truman's order expressly excluded anyone found "to have been a member of the Nazi Party, and more than a nominal participant in its activities, or an active supporter of Nazi militarism". However, those restrictions would have rendered ineligible most of the leading scientists the JIOA had identified for recruitment, among them rocket scientists Wernher von Braun, Kurt H. Debus and Arthur Rudolph, and the physician Hubertus Strughold, each earlier classified as a "menace to the security of the Allied Forces".

To circumvent President Truman's anti-Nazi order and the Allied Potsdam and Yalta agreements, the JIOA worked independently to create false employment and political biographies for the scientists. The JIOA also expunged from the public record the scientists' Nazi Party memberships and régime affiliations. Once "bleached" of their Nazism, the scientists were granted security clearances by the US government to work in the United States. Paperclip, the project's operational name, derived from the paperclips used to attach the scientists' new political personae to their "US Government Scientist" JIOA personnel files.

[...]




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip

[Grecs]

 Α cool game

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper_Elite

 Eπισης τα Χ-files εχουν ενα spin-off του operation Paperclip

[Karaμazoβ]

Στις 22 Αυγούστου 1642, με τη μάχη του Εντχιλ, αρχίζει ουσιαστικά ο αγγλικός εμφύλιος πόλεμος. Στη μάχη αυτή αντιπαρατέθηκαν οι δυνάμεις του βασιλιά της Αγγλίας Καρόλου Α' και οι δυνάμεις των επαναστατών με επικεφαλής τον κόμη του Εσεξ και τον Ολιβερ Κρόμβελ. Η αντιπαράθεση άρχισε το 1641 όταν ο βασιλιάς κατάργησε το Κοινοβούλιο, συλλαμβάνοντας πολλούς βουλευτές. Το Κοινοβούλιο ζητούσε συστηματικά τον περιορισμό των βασιλικών εξουσιών.

Χαρακτηριστικό αυτού του πολέμου που έγινε σε δύο στάδια (το πρώτο από το 1642 ως το 1646 και το δεύτερο το 1648) ήταν ο ιδιόμορφος συσχετισμός των ταξικών δυνάμεων: η αστική τάξη προσχώρησε στην επανάσταση μαζί με τη νέα αριστοκρατία εναντίον της φεουδαρχικής αριστοκρατίας και της κυρίαρχης εκκλησίας. Στον πόλεμο που εξαπολύθηκε από το βασιλιά Κάρολο Α', ο επαναστατικός στρατός που το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της δύναμής του αποτελούσαν οι λαϊκές μάζες, νίκησε τις βασιλικές δυνάμεις. Ο Κάρολος Α' εκτελέστηκε στις 30 Γενάρη του 1649 και στην Αγγλία εγκαθιδρύθηκε Δημοκρατία.

Η εξουσία πέρασε στα χέρια των Ανεξαρτήτων (τη ριζοσπαστική πτέρυγα της αστικής τάξης και της νέας αριστοκρατίας), που, μολονότι κατάργησαν τη φεουδαρχική γαιοκτησία, αντιτάχθηκαν αδιάλλακτα στις μάζες, οι οποίες προσπαθούσαν να διευρύνουν την επανάσταση και κυρίως να δώσουν δημοκρατική λύση στο αγροτικό ζήτημα. Η αστική δημοκρατία πήρε σύντομα τη μορφή της στρατιωτικής δικτατορίας με επικεφαλής τον Ολιβερ Κρόμβελ και άρχισε να λεηλατεί τις αποικίες. Η Ιρλανδία υποτάχθηκε το 1651 και η Σκοτία προσαρτήθηκε με τη βία το 1652. Τα αποτελέσματα της επανάστασης που κερδήθηκε από το λαό, τα εκμεταλλεύτηκαν η αστική τάξη και η νέα αριστοκρατία, που πήραν πολλές γαίες των φεουδαρχών, οι οποίοι είχαν υποστηρίξει το βασιλιά. Η φεουδαρχική γαιοκτησία μετατράπηκε σε αστική ατομική ιδιοκτησία. Εξάλλου, οι αγρότες δεν απέκτησαν κανένα δικαίωμα πάνω στη γη. Οι αδιάκοπες εξεγέρσεις των μαζών φόβισαν την αστική τάξη και τη νέα αριστοκρατία, που φρόντισαν να αποκαταστήσουν, το 1660, τη μοναρχία στο πρόσωπο του Καρόλου Β` Στιούαρτ.


http://www2.rizospastis.gr/page.do?publDate=22/8/2001&pageNo=2&direction=1




Ο όρος Αγγλικός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος εμφανίζεται πιο κοινά στην ενική μορφή, αν και οι ιστορικοί συχνά διαιρούν την σύγκρουση σε δύο ή τρεις ξεχωριστούς πολέμους. Αν και ο όρος περιγράφει τα γεγονότα να συμβαίνουν στην Αγγλία, από την αρχή οι συγκρούσεις περιελάμβαναν πολέμους με και εμφύλιους πολέμους στην Σκωτία και την Ιρλανδία.

Αντίθετα με άλλους εμφυλίους πολέμους στην Αγγλία, που επικεντρώνονταν στο ποιος κυβερνούσε, αυτός ο πόλεμος ήταν σχετικός με τον τρόπο διακυβέρνησης της Βρετανίας και της Ιρλανδίας. Οι ιστορικοί μερικές φορές αναφέρονται στον Αγγλικό Εμφύλιο Πόλεμο ως English Revolution (Αγγλική Επανάσταση) και έργα όπως η Ενδεκάτη Έκδοση της Εγκυκλοπαίδειας Μπριτάνικα τον αποκαλούν Μεγάλη Εξέγερση (Great Rebellion). Οι Μαρξιστές ιστορικοί όπως ο Κρίστοφερ Χιλ (1912–2003) έχουν μακράν ευνοήσει τον όρο English Revolution.

[...]

http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82

[Exomag]

Tetraphobia

Tetraphobia (from Greek τετράς - tetras, "four" and φόβος - phobos, "fear") is the practice of avoiding instances of the number 4. It is a superstition most common in East Asian and Southeast Asian regions such as China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.

Rationale
The Chinese word for four (四, pinyin: sì, jyutping: sei3), sounds quite similar to the word for death (死, pinyin: sǐ, jyutping: sei2), in many varieties of Chinese. Similarly, the Sino-Japanese, Sino-Korean, and Sino-Vietnamese words for four, shi (Japanese), sa (사, Korean) and tư (Vietnamese), sound similar or identical to death in each language (see Korean numerals, Japanese numerals, Vietnamese numerals).

Special care may be taken to avoid occurrences or reminders of the number 4 during festive holidays, or when a family member is sick. Similarly, 14, 24, 42, etc. are also to be avoided due to the presence of the digit 4 in these numbers. In these countries, these floor numbers are often skipped in buildings, ranging from hotels to offices to apartments, as well as hospitals. Table number 4, 14, 24, 42, etc. are also often left out in wedding dinners or other social gatherings in these countries. In many residential complexes, building block 4, 14, 24 etc. are either omitted or replaced with block 3A, 13A, and 23A.


In China
The Chinese government does not display tetraphobia by having military designations for People's Liberation Army with the number 4, for example, Dongfeng-4 ICBM, Type 094 Nuclear Submarine, Type 054A Frigate, etc. But the Taiwanese and the South Korean navies do not use the number 4 when assigning Pennant numbers to their ships.

In Hong Kong, some apartments such as Vision City[4] and The Arch[5] skipped all the floors from 40 to 49. Immediately above 39/F is 50/F, leading many who are not aware of tetraphobia to believe that some floors are missing. Tetraphobia is not the main reason, but rather as an excuse to have apartments with 'higher' floors, thus increasing price, because higher floors in Hong Kong apartments are usually more expensive (see 39 Conduit Road). In Cantonese-speaking regions in China, 14 and 24 are considered more unlucky than the individual 4, since 14 sounds like "will certainly die" (實死) and 24 like "easy to die" (易死).

Where East Asian and Western cultures blend, such as in Hong Kong and Singapore, it is possible in some buildings that both 13 and 14 are skipped as floor numbers along with all the other 4's.


In Korea
In Korea, tetraphobia is less extreme, but the floor number 4 is almost always skipped in hospitals and similar public buildings. In other buildings, the fourth floor is sometimes labeled "F" (Four) instead of "4" in elevators. Apartment numbers containing multiple occurrences of the number 4 (such as 404) are likely to be avoided to an extent that the value of the property is adversely affected. The national railroad, Korail, left out the locomotive number 4444 when numbering a locomotive class from 4401 upwards.


In Japan
In Japan, many apartment houses and parking lots skip 4. Many hotels skip the 13th floor, similar to some western hotels. 9 is also skipped in some contexts, especially hospitals, due to the sound "ku" being associated with the word "kurushimu", to suffer. 49 is considered to be an especially unlucky number as it is evocative of the phrase "shinu made kurushimu" (死ぬまで苦しむ, "to suffer until death").


Symbian
The software platform Symbian, used by Finnish telecommunications firm Nokia in their Series 60 platform, avoids releases beginning with 4, as it did when it was EPOC and owned by Psion (there was no Psion Series 4, and there was no 4th edition of S60). This was done "as a polite gesture to Asian customers". However some of Nokia's non-Symbian products do contain the number 4, such as the Series 40 platform.


SaskTel
When area code 306 was nearing exhaustion in 2011, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission originally proposed that the new area code be 474. However, representatives from SaskTel requested that the new area code be 639 instead, to avoid the negative connotations of 4 in Asian cultures. 639 was subsequently approved as the new area code.



Source: Wikipedia

[c0ndemn3d]

E ναι οι όροφοι πάνε κάπως σαν 1 3 8 52 99

[christinette]

Christopher Lee is the only member of Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings cast or crew, who actually met J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973).

[christinette]

Tolkien had the name Lúthien engraved on Edith's (his wife) tombstone at Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford. When Tolkien died 21 months later on 2 September 1973, at the age of 81, he was buried in the same grave, with Beren added to his name. The engravings read:

Edith Mary Tolkien
Lúthien
1889–1971
John Ronald
Reuel Tolkien
Beren
1892–1973
Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford

In Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium, Lúthien was the most beautiful of all the Children of Ilúvatar, and forsook her immortality for her love of the mortal warrior Beren. After Beren was captured by the forces of the Dark Lord Morgoth, Lúthien rode to his rescue upon the talking wolfhound Huan. Ultimately, when Beren was slain in battle against the demonic wolf Carcharoth, Lúthien, like Orpheus, approached the Valar, the angelic order of beings placed in charge of the world by Eru (God), and persuaded them to restore her beloved to life.

[Karaμazoβ]

Ενα απο τα μεγαλύτερα καθίκια της Ιστορίας ο Λεοπόλδος ο Β', βασιλιάς των Βέλγων, προσωπικός ιδιοκτήτης του Κονγκό, κερδοσκόπος απέναντι στους ιδιους του τους πολίτες. Μια χώρα που ιδρυθηκε μαζί με την Ελλαδα (1830+) και αναπτύχθηκε το 1860 και εξης, χτιστηκε με θεμέλια 10.000.000 πτωματα Κονγκολέζων που δούλευαν στις φυτίες καουτσούκ και κακάο.




Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken on his own behalf. He used Henry Morton Stanley to help him lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe committed the Congo Free State to improving the lives of the native inhabitants. From the beginning, however, Leopold essentially ignored these conditions and ran the Congo using a mercenary force for his personal gain. Some of the money from this exploitation was used for public and private construction projects in Belgium during this period.

Leopold extracted a fortune from the Congo, initially by the collection of ivory, and after a rise in the price of rubber in the 1890s, by forcing the population to collect sap from rubber plants. Villages were required to meet quotas on rubber collections, and individuals' hands were cut off if they did not meet the requirements. His regime was responsible for the death of an estimated 2 to 15 million Congolese. This became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century, and Leopold was ultimately forced to relinquish control of it to the Belgian government.


[...]


Though he became unpopular at the end of his reign—his funeral cortege was booed— many Belgians in the 21st century remember Leopold II as the "Builder King" (Koning-Bouwer in Dutch, le Roi-Bâtisseur in French) because he commissioned a great number of buildings and urban projects, mainly in Brussels, Ostend and Antwerp. These buildings include the Royal Glasshouses in the grounds of the Palace at Laken, the Japanese Tower, the Chinese Pavilion, the Musée du Congo (now called the Royal Museum for Central Africa), and their surrounding park in Tervuren, the Cinquantenaire in Brussels, and the 1895-1905 Antwerpen-Centraal railway station. He also built an important country estate in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat on the French Riviera, including the Villa des Cèdres, which is now a botanical garden. These were all built using the profits from the Congo. In 1900, he created the Royal Trust, by which means he donated most of his property to the Belgian nation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium

[Katarameno]

Ενα απο τα μεγαλύτερα καθίκια της Ιστορίας ο Λεοπόλδος ο Β', βασιλιάς των Βέλγων, προσωπικός ιδιοκτήτης του Κονγκό, κερδοσκόπος απέναντι στους ιδιους του τους πολίτες. Μια χώρα που ιδρυθηκε μαζί με την Ελλαδα (1830+) και αναπτύχθηκε το 1860 και εξης, χτιστηκε με θεμέλια 10.000.000 πτωματα Κονγκολέζων που δούλευαν στις φυτίες καουτσούκ και κακάο.

Κάτι σαν και αυτόν εδώ δηλαδή? (από το γκρουπ Κλαρινογραμπρός του Φατσοβιβλίου (με παίδεψε αλλά το βρήκα με άπειρο scroll down) :-P

Ανοίγουμε το χρονοντούλαπο της ιστορίας και σας χαρίζουμε ένα τεράστιο - από κάθε άποψη - Κλαρινογαμπρό !
Κι ένας ιστορικός Κλαρινογαμπρός...
Λουδοβίκος ο 14ος,ο επονομαζόμενος και"βασιλιάς Ήλιος",αποπνέει λάμψη και τρυφή,όπως διαγράφεται απ'την καθόλου λιτή και ευκαταφρόνητη αριστοκρατική περιβολή του.
Τα διάσπαρτα αποτυπωμένα fleur-de-lis στη γούνα-κάλυμμα,που σέρνεται με αδιαφορία,αποτελούν το σήμα κατατεθέν της ηγεμονικής κυριαρχίας του,ενώ το κολάν και το κομψό φανταχτερό τακούνι τονίζουν την ευμάρεια και την ιδιαιτερότητα της ανδρικής μόδας της εποχής..

[Mathematica]

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabi–Yau_manifold

[Jim D. Ace]

ψιλοακυρο αλλα εβλεπα παλια ποστ σε αυτο το τοπικ και ειδα αυτο το οποιο ειναι απλα ενας μυθος

Η λέξη crap προέρχεται από το όνομα του εφευρέτη της τουαλέτας Thomas Crapper. Αρχικά οι τουαλέτες ονομάζονταν crappers και ότι καταλήγει σε αυτές ονομάστηκε τελικά crap.

crap (v.)
"defecate," 1846, from one of a cluster of words generally applied to things cast off or discarded (e.g. "weeds growing among corn" (early 15c.), "residue from renderings" (late 15c.), underworld slang for "money" (18c.), and in Shropshire, "dregs of beer or ale"), all probably from Middle English crappe "grain that was trodden underfoot in a barn, chaff" (mid-15c.), from Middle French crape "siftings," from Old French crappe, from Medieval Latin crappa, crapinum "chaff." Related: Crapped; crapping.
Despite folk etymology insistence, not from Thomas Crapper (1837-1910) who was, however, a busy plumber and may have had some minor role in the development of modern toilets. The name Crapper is a northern form of Cropper (attested from 1221), an occupational surname, obviously, but the exact reference is unclear.

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=crap
http://www.wisegeek.com/who-is-thomas-crapper.htm

[Karaμazoβ]

Ο Δημήτρης Γληνός ήταν Έλληνας εκπαιδευτικός, συγγραφέας και πολιτικός (Σμύρνη, 22 Αυγούστου 1882 - Αθήνα, 23 Δεκεμβρίου 1943). Υπήρξε από τους πρωτεργάτες της λεγόμενης 'γλωσσοεκπαιδευτικής μεταρρύθμισης'.

Γεννήθηκε στη Σμύρνη. Το 1899 πήγε στη Αθήνα (έχοντας αποφοιτήσει με "Άριστα" από την Ευαγγελική Σχολή Σμύρνης) και γράφτηκε στη Φιλοσοφική Σχολή του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Το 1904 προσχώρησε στο κίνημα του δημοτικισμού και έγινε μέλος του συλλόγου "Έθνος και Γλώσσα". Το 1905 λαμβάνοντας το πτυχίο του με άριστα ανέλαβε διευθυντής στην "Αναξαγόρειο Σχολή" και στη συνέχεια στο "Ελληνογερμανικό Λύκειο" της Σμύρνης. Οι διάφορες όμως δημοτικιστικές δημόσιες ομιλίες του και αρθρογραφίες του προκάλεσαν βίαιες σε βάρος του αντιδράσεις με συνέπεια να εγκαταλείψει την Σμύρνη (1908) και να συνεχίσει τις σπουδές του στην Ιένα και τη Λειψία της Γερμανίας παρακολουθώντας μαθήματα φιλοσοφίας, παιδαγωγικής και πειραματικής ψυχολογίας. Παράλληλα την ίδια περίοδο γνωρίστηκε με τον Γ. Σκληρό από τον οποίο δέχτηκε τις πρώτες επιδράσεις της σοσιαλιστικής θεωρίας και του μαρξισμού. Αλληλογραφώντας και με τον Ι. Δραγούμη και άλλους δημοτικιστές μετέχει στην ίδρυση του "Εκπαιδευτικού Ομίλου" (1910).

Το 1911 εγκατέλειψε τις σπουδές του λόγω βιοποριστικής ανάγκης και επιστρέφοντας στην Ελλάδα διορίστηκε αρχικά διδάσκαλος στο γυμνάσιο της Πλάκας και στη συνέχεια καθηγητής στο Αρσάκειο Λύκειο Αθηνών, αναλαμβάνοντας και την επιμέλεια της έκδοσης του Δελτίου του Εκπαιδευτικού Ομίλου στο οποίο και αρθρογραφούσε διάφορα εκπαιδευτικά μελετήματα.

To 1912 διορίστηκε διευθυντής του Διδασκαλείου Μέσης Εκπαίδευσης όπου απ΄ αυτή τη θέση τον επόμενο χρόνο μετά από συσκέψεις με το τότε υπουργό Παιδείας Ι. Τσιριμώκο (Κυβέρνησης Ε. Βενιζέλου) υπήρξε ο βασικός υπεύθυνος και σχεδιαστής της εκπαιδευτικής μεταρρύθμισης του 1913, που εκφράστηκε με τα λεγόμενα Νομοσχέδια Τσιριμώκου που κατατέθηκαν αλλά τελικά δεν ψηφίστηκαν.

Το 1914 πρωτοστάτησε στην ίδρυση του "Εκπαιδευτικού Συνδέσμου Λειτουργών Μέσης Εκπαιδεύσεως", διευθύνοντας και το περιοδικό Αγωγή του εν λόγω συνδέσμου. Συνεργαζόμενος δε με τους Μ. Τριανταφυλλίδη και Α. Δελμούζο συμμετέχει στην Εκπαιδευτική Επιτροπή που συγκρότησε ο Ε. Βενιζέλος για την εξέταση του θέματος της εκπαιδευτικής μεταρρύθμισης και υποβολή προτάσεων.

Μετά την παραίτηση του Βενιζέλου, απολύθηκε από τη θέση του και κατά τα γεγονότα του Νοεμβρίου του 1916 συνελήφθη για εξύβριση του Βασιλέως και οδηγήθηκε στη φυλακή για ένα μήνα. Τον Ιανουάριο του 1917 με την αποφυλάκισή του μετέβη στη Θεσσαλονίκη όπου και ανέλαβε σύμβουλος στο Υπουργείο Παιδείας της προσωρινής κυβέρνησης της Θεσσαλονίκης (1917), και Γενικός Γραμματέας του ίδιου Υπουργείου. Τότε ξεκίνησε την εφαρμογή της εκπαιδευτικής μεταρρύθμισης του 1917 προωθώντας το διάταγμα για την εισαγωγή της δημοτικής στη στοιχειώδη εκπαίδευση γενόμενος έτσι ο πρωτεργάτης της λεγόμενης 'γλωσσοεκπαιδευτικής' μεταρρύθμισης. Μετά την ήττα του Βενιζέλου στις εκλογές του Νοεμβρίου 1920 παραιτήθηκε από τη θέση του και επαναδραστηριοποιήθηκε στον Εκπαιδευτικό Όμιλο.

Η Επαναστατική κυβέρνηση του 1922 τον επανέφερε στο υπουργείο, αλλά η δικτατορία του Παγκάλου που ακολούθησε, τον Ιανουάριο του 1926 τον απέλυσε. Από τότε δεν επανήλθε ή δεν δέχθηκε ο ίδιος να επανέλθει σε κυβερνητική θέση. Από το 1925 εκδίδει το περιοδικό "Αναγέννηση" όπου δημοσιεύεται, μεταξύ άλλων, η "Ασκητική" του Ν. Καζαντζάκη. Το 1928 παραπέμπεται σε δίκη διότι θεωρείται υπεύθυνος για τα επεισόδια που έγιναν σε διάλεξη του διάσημου ελληνορουμάνου συγγραφέα Παναΐτ Ιστράτι, στην οποία ήταν διοργανωτής μαζί με τον Καζαντζάκη. Σταδιακά αρχίζει να προσεγγίζει την αριστερά και τις θέσεις του ΚΚΕ.

Από το 1930 άρχισε να ασχολείται ενεργά με την πολιτική και το 1936 εξελέγη βουλευτής, συνεργαζόμενος με το ΚΚΕ. Το 1935 εξορίστηκε στον Άη Στράτη από την δικτατορία Κονδύλη, όπως και αργότερα στη Σαντορίνη από τη δικτατορία Ι. Μεταξά.

Στη διάρκεια της Κατοχής ο Γληνός πρωταγωνίστησε στις διεργασίες για την ίδρυση του ΕΑΜ και συνέταξε το ιδεολογικο-πολιτικό μανιφέστο 'Τι είναι και τι θέλει το ΕΑΜ'. Παράλληλα εντάχθηκε στο ΚΚΕ και εξελέγη μέλος του Πολιτικού Γραφείου του κόμματος.Ο θάνατος τον βρήκε τα Χριστούγεννα του 1943, έπειτα από μια εγχείρηση και ενώ ετοιμαζόταν να μεταβεί στην Ελεύθερη Ελλάδα, προκειμένου να ηγηθεί της κυβέρνησής της.

Μέλος του Εκπαιδευτικού Ομίλου από το 1911 και επί σειρά ετών ηγετική φυσιογνωμία του, δημοσίευσε στο 'Δελτίο' του Ομίλου και στην 'Αναγέννηση' φιλοσοφικές και παιδαγωγικές μελέτες. Έργα του: Δημιουργικός ιστορισμός (1920), Γυναικείος ανθρωπισμός (1921), Οι χοίροι υΐζουσιν (1921), Ένας άταφος νεκρός (1925) κ.άλ. Το 1927, στη 'Διακήρυξη του Εκπαιδευτικού Ομίλου', συνέδεσε την παιδαγωγική κίνησή του με τις σοσιαλιστικές αντιλήψεις. Εξόριστος κατά την τετραετία της δικτατορίας Μεταξά (1936 - 1940), έγραψε την 'Τριλογία του Πολέμου' και το 'Διαλεκτικό υλισμό'. Το 1940 μετέφρασε το Σοφιστή του Πλάτωνα.

Το International Bureau of Education της UNESCO συμπεριέλαβε τον Γληνό μεταξύ των 100 πιο σημαντικών διανoουμένων, πολιτικών, δημοσιολόγων κ.λπ. όλου του κόσμου, που με το στοχασμό και τη δράση τους είχαν σημαντική συμβολή στην υπόθεση της εκπαίδευσης από την εποχή της αυγής του ανθρώπινου πολιτισμού έως τις μέρες μας.


http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82

[...]

Upon his return to Greece, he submitted a proposal for an educational reform to the government in 1913. He proposed introduction of, and changes to:

    The language of instruction (using colloquial Demotic Greek instead of the old-fashioned katharevousa for classes)
    The structure of the school system (extend primary school from 4 to 6 years)
    Educational content (less formalism, greater emphasis on science)
    Educational methods (updating of courses and materials)
    Teacher training
    The education of girls

[...]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitris_Glinos








bonus:

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxpOAJbADZM" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxpOAJbADZM</a>

[Exomag]

Apophenia

Apophenia /æpɵˈfiːniə/ is the experience of seeing meaningful patterns or connections in random or meaningless data.

The term is a misnomer incorrectly attributed to Klaus Conrad[1] by Peter Brugger, who defined it as the "unmotivated seeing of connections" accompanied by a "specific experience of an abnormal meaningfulness", but it has come to represent the human tendency to seek patterns in random information in general (such as with gambling), paranormal phenomena, and religion.

Meanings and forms
In 1958, Klaus Conrad published a monograph entitled Die beginnende Schizophrenie. Versuch einer Gestaltanalyse des Wahns ("The onset of schizophrenia. Attempt to shape analysis of delusion", not translated and published yet in the English language however), in which he described in groundbreaking detail the prodromal mood and earliest stages of schizophrenia. He coined the word "Apophänie" to characterize the onset of delusional thinking in psychosis. This neologism is translated as "apophany", from the Greek apo [away from] + phaenein [to show], to reflect the fact that the schizophrenic initially experiences delusion as revelation. In contrast to epiphany, however, apophany does not provide insight into the true nature of reality or its interconnectedness, but is a "process of repetitively and monotonously experiencing abnormal meanings in the entire surrounding experiential field", which are entirely self-referential, solipsistic and paranoid: "being observed, spoken about, the object of eavesdropping, followed by strangers". In short, "apophenia" is a misnomer that has taken on a bastardized meaning never intended by Conrad when he coined the neologism "apophany".

In 2008, Michael Shermer coined the word "patternicity", defining it as "the tendency to find meaningful patterns in meaningless noise". In The Believing Brain (2011), Shermer defines patternicity as "the tendency to find meaningful patterns in both meaningful and meaningless noise". The Believing Brain thesis also says that we have "the tendency to infuse patterns with meaning, intention, and agency", which Shermer calls "agenticity".

Statistics
In statistics, apophenia is known as a Type I error — the identification of false patterns in data. It may be compared with a so-called false positive in other test situations.

Paranormal phenomena
A common example of perceived but non-existent patterns are paranormal sightings, including sightings of ghosts, Unidentified Flying Objects, cryptozoology, etc.

Conspiracy theories
Likewise, conspiracy theorists are famously prone to identify a (perhaps coincidental) pattern, and conclude that it must have great significance, although things that are important, life-changing, and even catastrophic, can occur simply out of random chance.

Divination
The attempt to foretell the future, present, or past by finding patterns in animal entrails, tossed sticks, or by picking random passages from a holy text are further examples of apophenia.

Religious manifestations
A more extreme example is the pareidolia associated with finding the faces of religious figures in pieces of toast, the grain of cut wood, or other such patterns. 21st century real-world examples include the finding of a cross inside a halved potato;[ the appearance of Jesus and Mary inside a halved orange; and the appearance of Jesus' face on a piece of toast, in the frost on a car window, and inside the lid of a jar of Marmite.

Gambling
Apophenia is heavily documented as a source of rationale behind gambling, with gamblers imagining they see patterns in the occurrence of numbers in lotteries, roulette wheels, and even cards. One variation of this is known as the Gambler's Fallacy.

Synchronicity
Carl Jung coined the term synchronicity for the "simultaneous occurrence of two meaningful but not causally connected events" creating a significant realm of philosophical exploration. This attempt at finding patterns within a world where coincidence does not exist possibly involves apophenia if a person's perspective attributes their own causation to a series of events. "Synchronicity therefore means the simultaneous occurrence of a certain psychic state with one or more external events which appear as meaningful parallels to a momentary subjective state." (C. Jung, 1960)



Source: Wikipedia

[L]

Great dads have smaller testicles, study suggests
Brain scans suggest testicle size inversely linked to motivation to nurture

What makes some fathers get up in the middle of the night to comfort their crying baby while others sleep right through? The size of their testicles may be a factor, a new study suggests.

The smaller a man’s testicles, the more involved he is likely to be in caring for his toddler son or daughter, suggests a study conducted by anthropologists at Emory University in Atlanta, Ga., and published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The researchers, led by Jennifer Mascaro, used an MRI to measure the testicles of 70 Atlanta-area fathers who had a child between the age of one and two and lived with the child’s mother as a family. The fathers and their partners had previously been asked a series of questions about who in their family was more likely to perform each of 24 parenting tasks such as changing diapers, bathing their child, take them to medical checkups or attending to them when they woke up in the middle of the night.

By scanning the men’s brains with an fMRI machine while showing them photos of their children, the researchers found they could predict which fathers would be more involved in their children’s care. Men who showed more activity in a part of the brain known to motivate animals to nurture their offspring performed more hands-on parental caregiving.

In general, smaller testicles were also associated with higher nurturing-related brain activity, suggesting that men with smaller testicles were more biologically motivated to care for their children.

Mating versus parenting

Larger testicles are linked to higher sperm counts and therefore the amount of biological effort put into mating. The researchers said their results therefore suggest there is a biological trade-off between the amount of effort put into mating versus parenting in humans.

On the other hand, the study didn’t pinpoint the reason for the link between testicle size and parenting effort.

"We're assuming that testes size drives how involved the fathers are," said James Rilling, a co-author of the paper and the head of the lab where the research was performed, in a statement, "but it could also be that when men become more involved as caregivers, their testes shrink."

That would be similar to what happens with testosterone levels, which fall when men become fathers — something that also happens in other animals where the fathers are active parents. In fact, the researchers chose to focus on testicle size rather than testosterone levels because hormone levels tend to fluctuate much more over time.

The researchers also noted that while the correlation between testicle size and caregiving was statistically significant, it wasn’t perfect.

"The fact that we found this variance suggests personal choice," said Rilling. "Even though some men may be built differently, perhaps they are willing themselves to be more hands-on fathers. It might be more challenging for some men to do these kinds of caregiving activities, but that by no means excuses them."





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