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με προσοχή στα ονόματα των αρχείων!

[Karaμazoβ]

Decline of Detroit



The city of Detroit has gone through a major economic and demographic decline in recent decades. The population of the city has fallen from a high of 1,850,000 in 1950 to 701,000 in 2013. The automobile industry in Detroit has suffered from global competition and has moved much of the remaining production out of Detroit. Some of the highest crime rates in the United States are now occurring in Detroit, and huge areas of the city are in a state of severe urban decay. In 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history.

[...]

The deindustrialization of Detroit has been a major factor in the population decline of the city.

Role of the automobile industry

"Detroit rose and fell with the automobile industry." Before the advent of the automobile, Detroit was a small, compact, regional manufacturing center. In 1900 Detroit had a population of 285,000, the thirteenth largest city in the U.S.[4] Over the following decades, the growth of the automobile industry, including affiliated activities such as parts manufacturing, came to dwarf all other manufacturing in the city.

[...]


Problems

Population decline

Long a major population center, Detroit has been going through a major reduction in population; the city has lost over 60% of its population since 1950. A Michigan web site compares Youngstown, Ohio to Detroit on a much smaller scale due to its own economic problems.

Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census at over 1.8 million people, and decreased in population with each subsequent census; as of the 2010 census, the city has just over 700,000 residents, adding up to a total loss of 61% of the population.

A major change in the racial composition of the city also occurred over that same period; from 1950 to 2010 the black/white percentage of population went from 16.2%/83.6% to 82.7%/10.6%Due to the prevalence of the one-drop rule in assigning African-American race in the 20th-century United States, arguably a better comparison figure from 2010 is 84.3% marking African-American even if they marked some other race, and the 7.8% non-Hispanic white population of Detroit in 2010 might be a better figure to use for comparison figured. Approximately 1,400,000 of the 1,600,000 white people in Detroit after World War II have left the city, with many going to the suburbs.
Unemployme

According to the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, of the 50 largest cities in the country, Detroit has the highest unemployment rate, at 23.1%.

Poverty

The U.S. Census Bureau's Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 ranks Detroit first among all 71 U.S. cities for which rates were calculated in percentage of the city's population living below the poverty level. The individual rate living below the poverty level is 36.4%; the family rate is 31.3%.

Urban decay

Detroit has been described by some as a ghost town. Parts of the city are so abandoned they have been described as looking like farmland, urban prairie, or even completely wild.

A significant percentage of housing parcels in the city are vacant, with abandoned lots making up more than half of total residential lots in many large portions of the city. With at least 70,000 abandoned buildings, 31,000 empty houses, and 90,000 vacant lots, Detroit has become notorious for its urban blight.

In 2010 Mayor Bing put forth a plan to bulldoze one fourth of the city. The plan was to concentrate Detroit's remaining population into certain areas to improve the delivery of essential city services, which the city has had significant difficulty providing (policing, fire protection, trash removal, snow removal, lighting, etc.). In February 2013 the Detroit Free Press reported the Mayor's plan to accelerate the program.The project has hopes "for federal funding to replicate it [the bulldozing plan] across the city to tackle Detroit’s problems with tens of thousands of abandoned and blighted homes and buildings." Bing said the project aims "to rightsize the city’s resources to reflect its smaller population."

The average price of homes sold in Detroit in 2012 was $7,500; as of January 2013 47 houses in Detroit were listed for $500 or less, with five properties listed for $1. Despite the extremely low price of Detroit properties, most of the properties have been on the market for more than a year as buyers balk at the boarded up, abandoned houses of Detroit. The Detroit News reported that more than half of Detroit property owners did not pay taxes in 2012, at a loss to the city of $131 million (equal to 12% of the city's general fund budget).

The first comprehensive analysis of the city's tens of thousands of abandoned and dilapidated buildings is set to be completed in Spring 2014.

Crime


Detroit has some of the highest crime rates in the United States, with a rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).  Detroit's murder rate was 53 per 100,000 in 2012, ten times that of New York City.A 2012 Forbes report named Detroit as the most dangerous city in the United States for the fourth year in a row. It cited FBI survey data that found that the city's metropolitan area had a significant rate of violent crimes: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.

According to Detroit officials in 2007, about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related. The rate of unsolved murders in the city is at roughly 70%.

City finances

On March 1, 2013, Governor Rick Snyder announced the state was taking over the financial control of the city from the local government. The state is requesting a review team to look over the financial state of the city and determine if an emergency manager is needed to take over control of city spending from city council.

On March 14, 2013, Michigan's Local Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Board (ELB) appointed an emergency financial manager, Kevyn Orr, effective on March 25, 2013. In mid-May 2013, Orr released his first report on Detroit’s finances since he took the job. The results were generally negative regarding Detroit’s financial health. The report said that Detroit is "clearly insolvent on a cash flow basis."The report said that Detroit will finish its current budget year with a $162 million cash-flow shortfal and that the projected budget deficit is expected to reach $386 million in less than two months.The report said that costs for retiree benefits are eating up a third of Detroit’s budget and that public services are suffering as Detroit's revenues and population shrink each year. The report wasn't intended to offer a complete blueprint for Orr's plans for fixing the crisis; more details about those plans are expected to emerge within a few months.

After several months of negotiations, Orr was ultimately unable to come to a deal with Detroit's creditors, unions, and pension boards and therefore filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection in the Eastern District of Michigan U.S. Bankruptcy Court on July 18, 2013, the largest U.S. city ever to do so, with outstanding financial obligations to more than 100,000 creditors totaling approximately $18.5 billion.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Detroit







Photos: Detroit's Beautiful, Horrible Decline




http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1882089_1850973,00.html






<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBOeqKNqhA0" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBOeqKNqhA0</a>

[Katarameno]

Έλα τώρα, στην πόλη που γεννήθηκε η techno - rave - house σκηνή, ολόκληρη ανάλυση για την παρακμή του και όλα αυτά για να ποστάρεις τους Kiss?    Παλιοχεβιμεταλλάδες 

Detroit techno is a type of techno music that generally includes the first techno productions by Detroit-based artists during the 1980s and early 1990s. Detroit has been cited as the birthplace of techno.[1][2] Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_techno

[Exomag]

The Interview (2014 film)

The Interview is a 2014 American political comedy film directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg in their second directorial work, following This Is the End. The screenplay by Dan Sterling is from a story by Rogen, Goldberg and Sterling. The film stars Rogen and James Franco as journalists instructed to assassinate North Korean leader Kim Jong-un (played by Randall Park) after booking an interview with him. It received mixed reviews from critics.

In June 2014, the North Korean government threatened "merciless" action against the United States if the film's distributor, Columbia Pictures, went ahead with the release. Columbia delayed the release from October 10 to December 25, and reportedly edited the film to make it more acceptable to North Korea. In November, the computer systems of parent company Sony Pictures Entertainment were hacked by the "Guardians of Peace", a group the FBI believes has ties to North Korea. After leaking several other then-upcoming Sony films and other sensitive internal information, the group demanded that Sony pull The Interview, which it referred to as "the movie of terrorism". On December 16, 2014, the Guardians of Peace threatened terrorist attacks against cinemas that played The Interview.

On December 17, after a number of major North American cinema chains canceled screenings in the interests of safety, Sony canceled the theatrical release of The Interview, drawing criticism from the media, Hollywood figures and U.S. President Barack Obama. After initially stating that it had no plans to release the film, Sony made The Interview available for online rental on December 24, and in a limited release at selected cinemas on December 25.

[...]



Source: Wikipedia

[Karaμazoβ]

The Interview (2014 film)

The Interview is a 2014 American political comedy film directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg in their second directorial work, following This Is the End. The screenplay by Dan Sterling is from a story by Rogen, Goldberg and Sterling. The film stars Rogen and James Franco as journalists instructed to assassinate North Korean leader Kim Jong-un (played by Randall Park) after booking an interview with him. It received mixed reviews from critics.

In June 2014, the North Korean government threatened "merciless" action against the United States if the film's distributor, Columbia Pictures, went ahead with the release. Columbia delayed the release from October 10 to December 25, and reportedly edited the film to make it more acceptable to North Korea. In November, the computer systems of parent company Sony Pictures Entertainment were hacked by the "Guardians of Peace", a group the FBI believes has ties to North Korea. After leaking several other then-upcoming Sony films and other sensitive internal information, the group demanded that Sony pull The Interview, which it referred to as "the movie of terrorism". On December 16, 2014, the Guardians of Peace threatened terrorist attacks against cinemas that played The Interview.

On December 17, after a number of major North American cinema chains canceled screenings in the interests of safety, Sony canceled the theatrical release of The Interview, drawing criticism from the media, Hollywood figures and U.S. President Barack Obama. After initially stating that it had no plans to release the film, Sony made The Interview available for online rental on December 24, and in a limited release at selected cinemas on December 25.

[...]



Source: Wikipedia

Δεν ειναι "απλά μια ταινία":

Rogen predicted that the film would make its way to North Korea, stating that "we were told one of the reasons they're so against the movie is that they're afraid it'll actually get into North Korea. They do have bootlegs and stuff. Maybe the tapes will make their way to North Korea and cause a revolution". Fighters for a Free North Korea and Human Rights Foundation — both human rights organizations — have plans to get DVD copies of The Interview across the border and into North Korea via balloon drops. Airdrops by these organizations have previously included offline copies of the Korean Wikipedia on a bootable USB memory device.





Φαινεται πως μεγάλο τμήμα του Αμερικανικού λαού θυμίζει Βρετανους και Γάλλους αποικιοκράτες το 19ο αιωνα και ειναι οκ με την ιδεα πως η χώρα του - και συγκεκριμενα οι μυστικες -υπηρεσίες της χωρας του, η CIA - προσλαμβανει  συμπαθείς τύπους να δολοφονήσουν τον ηγέτης μιας άλλης ανεξάρτητης χώρας.  Manifest destiny δηλαδή, και κάνουμε ο,τι γουστάρουμε στον πλανήτη.


Και στη συνέχεια active προπαγάνδα για να αποσταθεροποιήσουν το καθεστώς της Βορειου Κορεας μοιράζοντας παράνομα την ταινια στον εκει πληθυσμο. Θα φέρουν την δημοκρατία; Οχι δα. Εκτος αν θεωρουμε το ιρακ και το Αφγανισταν δημοκρατικές χώρες ή την Σαουδική Αραβία, μονιμο συμμαχο των Αμερικανων στη Μεση Ανατολη.

[Ex_Mechanus]

με μία κίνηση τζάμπα hype και "ανεξάρτητα σκεπτόμενοι" να μιλάνε σαν ζόμπι για δικτάτορες και ελευθερία έκφρασης με εμβρίθεια ανάλογη της καλλιτεχνικής αξίας του παραπάνω πονήματος

και γενικά τον πήγαινα τον rogen, tool από τα λίγα τελικα κι' αυτός

http://www.democracynow.org/2014/12/22/the_interview_pokes_fun_at_north

(καλύτερα το βίντεο απ'το transcript)

[Karaμazoβ]

Τοσο "ανεξαρτητα σκεπτόμενοι" που δεν μπαινουν καν στην διαδικασία να κριτικάρουν τη χώρα τους.
Στην παρούσα ταινία το μηνυμα δεν ειναι η κριτικη στον Κιμ: ειναι η αναφανδόν υποστήριξη σε καθε επιθετική ενεργεια των ΗΠΑ απέναντι σε μικρες χώρες στο ονομα της "δημοκρατίας". Και τα χάπατα των ΗΠΑ - που υπάρχουν τετοια σε ολες τις χωρες - θεωρούν "patriotic duty" να δουν την ταινια.


Εν τω μεταξύ , εκκολάπτεται ο καποτε-στο-μέλλον υποψήφιος των Δημοκρατικών:

http://news247.gr/eidiseis/psixagogia/celebrities-news/tzortz-klounei-den-einai-dynaton-na-mhn-mporoume-na-doume-kati-epeidh-to-epivalei-o-kim-giongk-oyn.3207644.html

[Jericho]

http://www.vice.com/video/the-technological-disobedience-of-ernesto-oroza

[Grecs]

χωρα με αρχιδια

[Jericho]

χωρα με αρχιδια

Να δοθεί ένα τέλος στην τυρρανία της IEEE.




Mush Morton and the crew of the Wahoo, War Criminals?
by David L. Johnston

On 26 January 1943 the submarine USS Wahoo (SS-238), under the command of the indomitable Lt. Commander Dudley W. “Mush” Morton, engaged in a running gun and torpedo battle with a Japanese convoy consisting of four ships off the northern coast of New Guinea. It would later prove to be a seminal moment in the history of the famous Morton and his Wahoo, forever cementing their combined reputation as ace ship hunters. At a time when the war news was almost universally bad, and when the submarine force was struggling to hit its stride against the Japanese, Morton and the fighting Wahoo provided a much needed shot in the arm and morale boost to our Navy and country. Unfortunately, it also would prove to be one of the most controversial acts committed by one of our submarines during the war, and would later result in whispered back room (and sometimes open) charges of racism, murder, and official cover-up.

Just before noon on the 26th, Morton engaged the Buyo Maru, one of the four ships in the convoy. She was a freighter chartered by the Japanese government to carry troops and materiel to war zones in and around New Guinea. Just a few miles off shore, Morton’s initial torpedo attack sank the ship, but not before over 1,000 troops made it into the water in 20 wooden lifeboats. Her batteries nearly depleted from many hours of submerged action, Morton surfaced the Wahoo amid the boats and assessed the situation. Realizing that the boats were within easy range of Japanese held territory, and that the majority of the men in the boats would survive and make it back to Japanese control, Morton made the command decision to finish the Wahoo’s mission and destroy the boats.

At 1342 that afternoon, he gave the order to fire on the boats with the Wahoo’s 4”/50 cal. deck gun and .50 caliber machine guns after having received incoming small arms fire as they approached the scene. The gun’s methodically aimed fire quickly turned the boats into flotsam. Morton’s intentions were to destroy the boats and thus their means of reaching friendly territory; in essence finishing the mission of sinking the transport. Reports of what actually happened differ depending how much one saw and where they were located during the action. According to Richard O’Kane, Morton’s executive officer (who was probably below during much of the action and thus had a poor vantage point), “some Japanese troops were undoubtedly hit during this action, but no individual was deliberately shot in the boats or the sea.” O’Kane also stated that Morton even sharply reprimanded a sailor who shot at a soldier with a .45 caliber pistol when it appeared the soldier was going to lob a grenade at the sub. George Grider, the Engineering Officer described the action as “nightmarish minutes”. One other account had at least one soldier deliberately killed with machine gun fire. By 1400, the action was finished and the Wahoo departed the area. A total of 282 men had been killed. Morton openly reported the incident in both message form and in his subsequent patrol report, which was reviewed by the chain of command and eventually received a glowing endorsement from Commander Submarines Pacific, Admiral Charles Lockwood. No attempt was made to hide or diminish anything. Morton actually badly overestimated the number of troops killed, estimating the number to be between 6,000 and 10,000. In a supremely ironic and tragic postscript, it was later revealed that the Buyo Maru also carried 491 British allied Indian P.O.W’s, 195 of which were killed. This was information that Morton obviously did not have at the time. The remainder of the ship’s 1,126 troops, P.O.W’s, and crew were rescued by the Japanese. All told only 87 Japanese were killed.

Given the rather conservative nature of American society in those days this incident shocked some people, including other American submariners. Revulsion over WWI German U-boat tactics had lead to a re-emphasis of post-Victorian era laws of armed conflict which placed a great deal of restraint on submarine and surface raider operations. Rigid training on these conventions during the 20’s and 30’s lead to a very conservative mindset amongst many naval officers. Most believed that this type of action was forbidden under the terms of the Hague Conventions of 1907. However, the conventions were somewhat ambiguous on this point and were rendered altogether moot once the order to commence unrestricted submarine warfare was issued immediately following Pearl Harbor.

The controversial backroom whispers of murder and atrocity served to sully the sterling reputation of four-time Navy Cross recipient Dudley Walker Morton and were probably the main reason he was never awarded the Medal of Honor. To some people, it would have appeared to be unseemly to give the nation’s highest military decoration to someone involved in such a controversial act.

After the war, several historians and authors seized on this incident and played it up. British author Sir Richard Compton-Hall even accused the SubPac chain of command of lacking in the moral courage to question the act and prosecute Morton. Due to the subsequent loss of the Wahoo and Morton’s death aboard her, we can never know exactly what was in Morton’s mind at the time. Given the order to conduct unrestricted submarine warfare and the fact that there was no official SubPac written guidance about how to deal with survivors of a sinking, Morton’s actions were clearly within the operating parameters that had been set by the chain of command.

"Now, let’s put to rest the controversy over Morton’s actions once and for all. A war crime it was not.

The controversy seems to hinge on one major point: the “defenseless survivor” status of the troops. There seems to be a natural tendency to view anyone who makes it off of a sinking ship, no matter the circumstances, to be the equivalent of Molly Brown and the survivors of the Titanic. Those “passengers” aboard the Buyo Maru were not businessmen going abroad to negotiate a deal. They were not refugees seeking freedom, nor were they family vacationers on a Caribbean cruise. They were soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army. They voluntarily embarked aboard a vessel chartered by the Japanese government (which also carried war materiel) for the purpose of transport to a war zone in which they would conduct war operations against allied forces. They all fully understood and accepted that they were sailing into harm’s way. Their status as soldiers places them in a distinctly different moral category than merchant seamen, businessmen, refugees, or vacationers.

No military tactician has ever questioned the legitimacy of the ship as a target. Indeed, troop transports are highly prized targets of any submarine captain. There is a strong precedent throughout military history of troop transports from all combatants being attacked and sunk, often with heavy loss of life. Stopping the movement of enemy troops to the war zone before they can engage your forces is sound military strategy. Therefore, the legitimacy of Wahoo’s initial attack on the Buyo Maru is beyond question. Strangely, if that initial attack had been wildly successful and the Buyo Maru had exploded and sank immediately with all hands, no one would have ever questioned Morton’s actions and the death of the soldiers. The attack would have been nothing more than a footnote in the Wahoo’s war record. But, since the soldiers made it off the ship and into the boats before the ship went down, they seem to have been granted some sort of immunity from further attack.

So, what exactly about their situation had changed? If the unit had embarked aboard five smaller transports instead of one large one, does that grant them immunity? No. What if they were aboard ten large metal barges instead of five small transports? Still no. How about 20 wooden “life” boats instead of the barges, boats that were capable of finishing the mission (at least in part) that the Buyo Maru had set out on? I do not accept the argument that their mere presence in small boats grants them safe passage. That is illogical. As to their “defenseless” status, the soldiers were just as incapable of effectively defending themselves against submarine attack (or any other means of attack for that matter) while aboard ship as they were in the boats! Since we have established the Buyo Maru as a legitimate target and therefore established the soldiers it carried as legitimate targets, why should they be granted immunity from further attack simply because they were now embarked in wooden boats instead of a steel ship?

An argument has been made that without their equipment, they were useless as a fighting force. True, but only to a certain extent. Imagine a U.S. Marine in a similar circumstance. If that marine made it to friendly territory, he would have done everything in his power to assist the war effort, even if it was in a non-combat role. One can expect the same from the highly motivated Japanese soldiers. Given the proximity to enemy territory, these men still constituted a strategic threat, one that could not be mitigated, and therefore needed to be eliminated. The Wahoo’s mission of stopping the enemy troops by sinking their ship was incomplete. Not pushing this action to its finale would have been a dereliction of duty. Imagine having to explain to the mother, wife, or sister of one of our soldiers, or even worse, to that soldier’s comrades in arms that you had the opportunity to prevent their loved one or friend from being killed and that you didn’t take advantage of it because the act was distasteful and unseemly. That left Morton with one choice, the same choice that he had when he first sighted the ship: kill them.

Other dark charges of racism have been leveled against Morton. It has been implied that he intensely hated the Japanese. Despite the fact that we were literally caught sleeping at Pearl Harbor, Americans passionately believed that December 7th was a treacherous break with civilized behavior. Virtually above all else, fair-minded Americans despised treachery in all forms. Did Morton hate the Japanese? Most definitely, but not in the context of a hood wearing Klan member. He hated them because they initiated a brutal war of conquest by attacking and killing Americans, for the unmerciful and cruel treatment of the Chinese, the Filipinos, and our P.O.W.’s, and yes, for catching us asleep at the switch and embarrassing the hell out of us on the world stage. He channeled that hatred into supreme aggressiveness and an indomitable fighting spirit, two of the finest qualities that we look for in a warrior. As the Commanding Officer, he was also tasked with the job of motivating the Iowa farm boys, Detroit factory workers, and Pennsylvania shopkeepers amongst his crew to perform the normally repugnant job of killing human beings. Aboard the boat, and on her battle flag was the exhortation, “SHOOT THE SUNZA BITCHES”. Partly dehumanizing the enemy through hatred was one of the motivational methods he chose. A distasteful method to be true, but one that he felt was absolutely essential if the Wahoo was to prevail against a determined enemy.

What, then, separates Dudley Morton and the rest of our professional military men of that time from the thugs of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan? The fact that this is a controversial act, one that begs people to question its morality and legality is what marks that separation. We have a code of conduct, a set of laws and moral ethics that demand that acts like this be questioned, and to justify them within the framework of our society. Our enemies were universally incapable of any such thing and in fact tended to celebrate such incidents as great victories.

Morton and his crewmates did their duty that day and their actions have been exonerated by the test of time. This was not a massacre or an atrocity. Morton is not a murderer. It was a harsh and distasteful but absolutely necessary and justifiable act committed during a savage war. While it is right to question this action, let us now lay this issue to rest for all time and let the true American heroes of the Wahoo rest in the peace that they have so richly earned. "

* * *

Copyright © 2010 David L. Johnston.

About the author:
David L. Johnston is originally from Dexter, Michigan and is a Chief Petty Officer in the United States Navy. He is Qualified in Submarines and Surface Warfare and has made deployments to the Western Pacific and the Persian Gulf. He is a co-founder and author for Pigboats.com, a submarine history website. Chief Johnston is also a volunteer photo analyst and researcher for Navsource.org and has contributed to the U.S. Naval Institute's Proceedings.

Published online: 01/31/2010.

German submarine U-852

"She was commanded throughout her brief service life by Kapitänleutnant Heinz-Wilhelm Eck, who led her through her sea trials and onto her first war patrol on 18 January 1944

U-852 '​s mission was to disrupt Allied communications in the Indian Ocean by attacking sea lanes there; this involved a high level of secrecy and so she had to avoid conflict on her passage. This plan was jeopardized when, on 13 March on the latitude of Freetown, she spotted the lone Greek steamer SS Peleus. Despite his mission, Eck decided to attack her, and, after stalking her until nightfall, sank her with two torpedoes. What followed has been the subject of much dispute.

The sinking Peleus left a large debris field, amongst which were an unknown number of survivors clinging to rafts and wreckage. As this field would have betrayed the presence of U-852 to aircraft and shipping patrolling the area, Eck decided to destroy the wreckage with hand grenades and automatic weapons.

Eck ordered his junior officers to fire into the wreckage. These junior officers were:

The ship's engineering officer, Hans Lenz (sentenced to life imprisonment)
The ship's doctor, Walter Weisspfennig (executed 1945)
The second in command August Hoffmann (executed 1945)
An enlisted engineer, Wolfgang Schwender (sentenced to 7 years imprisonment)

Eck was present during the incident, while the remaining crew were below decks. Eck was also executed in 1945. As a result of this action, all but three of Peleus's 35-man crew perished."


Τυπικό δείγμα ελαστικής ηθικής. 

[Grecs]

http://www.meteo.gr/meteoplus/thunders.cfm

"

ΤΙ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ ΖΕΥΣ

Τα δεδομένα τα οποία παρουσιάζονται προέρχονται από το δίκτυο ανίχνευσης αστραπών ΖΕΥΣ το οποίο λειτουργεί το Εθνικό Αστεροσκοπείο Αθηνών. Το δίκτυο περιλαμβάνει έξι δέκτες στην Ευρώπη (Μπέρμιγχαμ στην Αγγλία, Roskilde στη Δανία, Ιάσιο στη Ρουμανία, Αθήνα στην Ελλάδα, Λάρνακα στην Κύπρο και Mazagon στην Ισπανία).

ΠΩΣ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΕΙ

Η μέθοδος καταγραφής βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι κατά τη διάρκεια που μία ηλεκτρική εκκένωση έρχεται σε επαφή με το έδαφος εκπέμπεται ηλεκτρομαγνητική ακτινοβολία χαμηλής συχνότητας (στην περιοχή συχνοτήτων 5 - 15 KHz) η οποία και διαδίδεται σφαιρικά από την τοποθεσία του συμβάντος με την ταχύτητα του φωτός. Το σύστημα ZEYΣ εκμεταλλεύεται το γεγονός ότι η κυματομορφή ("sferic") της ακτινοβολίας σε κάθε ένα συμβάν είναι μοναδική και έτσι εάν διαθέτουμε τουλάχιστον μία κεραία μπορούμε να ξεχωρίσουμε τα σήματα από δύο διαφορετικά συμβάντα. Για να καταγραφεί όμως η ακριβής τοποθεσία μίας ηλεκτρικής εκκένωσης νέφους-εδάφους τελικά χρειάζονται τέσσερις σταθμοί. Όταν ένας κεραυνός χτυπήσει το έδαφος η κυματομορφή που εκπέμπεται καταγράφεται από όλους τους επίγειους σταθμούς του συστήματος σε διαφορετικούς χρόνους. Έτσι δύο διαφορετικοί σταθμοί καταγράφουν την κυματομορφή σε χρονική στιγμή η οποία εξαρτάται από την απόστασή τους από το σημείο του συμβάντος. Τότε το κέντρο ελέγχου του συστήματος θέτει έναν σταθμό ως «σταθμό αναφοράς» και του αποδίδει μηδενική διαφορά χρόνου άφιξης του σήματος ενώ παράλληλα υπολογίζει τις αντίστοιχες διαφορές του χρόνου άφιξης των υπολοίπων σταθμών με βάση το σταθμό αναφοράς. Στη συνέχεια υπολογίζει τον κοινό γεωμετρικό τόπο των σημείων για τα οποία η διαφορά άφιξης του σήματος μεταξύ του σταθμού αναφοράς και ενός άλλου σταθμού του δικτύου είναι ο ίδιος. Τα σημεία αυτά βρίσκονται πάνω σε μία υπερβολή. Η διαδικασία επαναλαμβάνεται για κάθε σταθμό και τελικά το σημείο που σημειώθηκε η ηλεκτρική εκκένωση ταυτίζεται με το σημείο τομής όλων των υπερβολών."

[Jericho]

http://www.meteo.gr/meteoplus/thunders.cfm

"

ΤΙ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ ΖΕΥΣ

Τα δεδομένα τα οποία παρουσιάζονται προέρχονται από το δίκτυο ανίχνευσης αστραπών ΖΕΥΣ το οποίο λειτουργεί το Εθνικό Αστεροσκοπείο Αθηνών. Το δίκτυο περιλαμβάνει έξι δέκτες στην Ευρώπη (Μπέρμιγχαμ στην Αγγλία, Roskilde στη Δανία, Ιάσιο στη Ρουμανία, Αθήνα στην Ελλάδα, Λάρνακα στην Κύπρο και Mazagon στην Ισπανία).

ΠΩΣ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΕΙ

Η μέθοδος καταγραφής βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι κατά τη διάρκεια που μία ηλεκτρική εκκένωση έρχεται σε επαφή με το έδαφος εκπέμπεται ηλεκτρομαγνητική ακτινοβολία χαμηλής συχνότητας (στην περιοχή συχνοτήτων 5 - 15 KHz) η οποία και διαδίδεται σφαιρικά από την τοποθεσία του συμβάντος με την ταχύτητα του φωτός. Το σύστημα ZEYΣ εκμεταλλεύεται το γεγονός ότι η κυματομορφή ("sferic") της ακτινοβολίας σε κάθε ένα συμβάν είναι μοναδική και έτσι εάν διαθέτουμε τουλάχιστον μία κεραία μπορούμε να ξεχωρίσουμε τα σήματα από δύο διαφορετικά συμβάντα. Για να καταγραφεί όμως η ακριβής τοποθεσία μίας ηλεκτρικής εκκένωσης νέφους-εδάφους τελικά χρειάζονται τέσσερις σταθμοί. Όταν ένας κεραυνός χτυπήσει το έδαφος η κυματομορφή που εκπέμπεται καταγράφεται από όλους τους επίγειους σταθμούς του συστήματος σε διαφορετικούς χρόνους. Έτσι δύο διαφορετικοί σταθμοί καταγράφουν την κυματομορφή σε χρονική στιγμή η οποία εξαρτάται από την απόστασή τους από το σημείο του συμβάντος. Τότε το κέντρο ελέγχου του συστήματος θέτει έναν σταθμό ως «σταθμό αναφοράς» και του αποδίδει μηδενική διαφορά χρόνου άφιξης του σήματος ενώ παράλληλα υπολογίζει τις αντίστοιχες διαφορές του χρόνου άφιξης των υπολοίπων σταθμών με βάση το σταθμό αναφοράς. Στη συνέχεια υπολογίζει τον κοινό γεωμετρικό τόπο των σημείων για τα οποία η διαφορά άφιξης του σήματος μεταξύ του σταθμού αναφοράς και ενός άλλου σταθμού του δικτύου είναι ο ίδιος. Τα σημεία αυτά βρίσκονται πάνω σε μία υπερβολή. Η διαδικασία επαναλαμβάνεται για κάθε σταθμό και τελικά το σημείο που σημειώθηκε η ηλεκτρική εκκένωση ταυτίζεται με το σημείο τομής όλων των υπερβολών."

http://vlf.stanford.edu/research/introduction-whistler-waves-magnetosphere

[Exomag]

Absolute pitch

Absolute pitch (AP), widely referred to as perfect pitch, is a rare auditory phenomenon characterized by the ability of a person to identify or re-create a given musical note without the benefit of a reference tone.

AP can be demonstrated via linguistic labeling ("naming" a note), auditory imagery, or sensorimotor responses. For example, an AP possessor can accurately reproduce a heard tone on their musical instrument without "hunting" for the correct pitch. Researchers estimate the occurrence of AP to be 1 in 10,000 people.

Generally, absolute pitch implies some or all of the following abilities, achieved without a reference tone:

• Identify by name individual pitches (e.g. A, B, C♯) played on various instruments.
• Name the key of a given piece of tonal music.
• Reproduce a piece of tonal music in the correct key days after hearing it.
• Identify and name all the tones of a given chord or other tonal mass.
• Accurately sing a named pitch.
• Name the pitches of common everyday sounds such as car horns and alarms.

People may have absolute pitch along with the ability of relative pitch, and relative and absolute pitch work together in actual musical listening and practice, but strategies in using each skill vary. Those with absolute pitch may train their relative pitch, but there are no reported cases of an adult obtaining absolute pitch ability through musical training; adults who possess relative pitch, but who do not already have absolute pitch, can learn "pseudo-absolute pitch", and become able to identify notes in a way that superficially resembles absolute pitch. Moreover, training pseudo-absolute pitch requires considerable motivation, time, and effort, and learning is not retained without constant practice and reinforcement.

[...]



Source: Wikipedia

[Jericho]

"Although light and all radiations are constrained to travel at the local speed of light or below, such a limit does not apply to spots of light and boundary shadows that sweep across common scattering surfaces. Such locally superluminal motions do not violate special relativity and cannot be used as a means of local communication. The observation of superluminal spot pair events, however, may signal to a distant observer that a specific geometry is present."

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.7581v1.pdf

[Nerevar]

Thylacine





The thylacine (/ˈθaɪləsiːn/ THY-lə-seen,[3] or /ˈθaɪləsaɪn/ THY-lə-syn,[4] also /ˈθaɪləsɨn/;[5] binomial name: Thylacinus cynocephalus, Greek for "dog-headed pouched one") was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of modern times. It is commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger (because of its striped lower back) or the Tasmanian wolf.[6] Native to continental Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea, it is thought to have become extinct in the 20th century. It was the last extant member of its family, Thylacinidae; specimens of other members of the family have been found in the fossil record Ο λογαριασμός έχει παραβιαστεί, μην ανοίξετε το link. back to the early Miocene.

The thylacine had become extremely rare or extinct on the Australian mainland before British settlement of the continent, but it survived on the island of Tasmania along with several other endemic species, including the Tasmanian devil. Intensive hunting encouraged by bounties is generally blamed for its extinction, but other contributing factors may have been disease, the introduction of dogs, and human encroachment into its habitat. Despite its official classification as extinct, sightings are still reported, though none have been conclusively proven.

Surviving evidence suggests that it was a relatively shy, nocturnal creature with the general appearance of a medium-to-large-size dog, except for its stiff tail and abdominal pouch (which was reminiscent of a kangaroo) and a series of dark transverse stripes that radiated from the top of its back (making it look a bit like a tiger).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacine

[Karaμazoβ]

The Justice of Trajan is a legendary episode in the life of Roman Emperor Trajan, based upon Dio Cassius' account (Epitome of Book LXVIII, chapter 10): "He did not, however, as might have been expected of a warlike man, pay any less attention to the civil administration nor did he dispense justice any the less; on the contrary, he conducted trials, now in the Forum of Augustus, now in the Portico of Livia, as it was called, and often elsewhere on a tribunal."

According to the story, Trajan, busy with preparations for the Dacian Wars, was petitioned for justice by the mother of a murdered man. He asked her to wait until he returned, but she pointed out that he might not return at all. He made time to settle her case despite all the other calls on his time. The legend, though indirectly, was popularized by Dante in The Divine Comedy, alluded to in the Paradise, and recounted in Purgatory, X, 73-94:

The wretch appear'd amid all these to say:

"Grant vengeance, sire! for, woe beshrew this heart
My son is murder'd." He replying seem'd;
"Wait now till I return." And she, as one
Made hasty by her grief; "O sire, if thou
Dost not return?"—"Where I am, who then is,
May right thee."—"What to thee is other's good,
If thou neglect thy own?"—"Now comfort thee,"
At length he answers. "It beseemeth well
My duty be perform'd, ere I move hence:
So justice wills; and pity bids me stay.

The origin of the legend and its vicissitudes since antiquity have been the subject of several studies, including detailed "Leggende" by G. Boni, published in 1906. The episode was reflected in several works of art and in the verse The Justice by Belarusian poet Simeon of Polotsk (1629—1680). Among artists that depicted the legend are Eugène Delacroix, Rogier van der Weyden, Hans Sebald Beham, Noël Coypel and Noël Hallé. A French painter Raoul Dufy was inspired by Delacroix's painting of the justice.

Historically, the justice of Trajan may also refer either to what was described by Pliny the Younger (Epistulae, VI, 31, a court trial in Centumcellae) or depicted on Trajan's Column, where Trajan judges the captured barbarian chiefs, or to a lost painting by Rogier van der Weyden. (The city of Brussels commisssioned Van der Weyden to paint four large panel paintings for the Brussels Town Hall illustrating the 'Justice of Trajan' and the 'Justice of Herkenbald'; they were destroyed when the French bombarded the city in 1695)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_Trajan