Η άχρηστη πληροφορία της ημέρας

[Thmmy.gr portal]

  Thmmy.gr portal
   Forum
   Downloads
   Ενεργ. Λογαριασμού
   Επικοινωνία
  
  Χρήσιμα links
   Σελίδα τμήματος
   Βιβλιοθήκη Τμήματος
   Elearning
   Φοιτητικά fora
   Πρόγραμμα Λέσχης
   Πρακτική Άσκηση
   Ηλεκτρονική Εξυπηρέτηση Φοιτητών
   Διανομή Συγγραμμάτων
   Ψηφιακό Καταθετήριο Διπλωματικών
   Πληροφορίες Καθηγητών
   Instagram @thmmy.gr
   mTHMMY
  
  Φοιτητικές Ομάδες
   ACM
   Aristurtle
   ART
   ASAT
   BEAM
   BEST Thessaloniki
   EESTEC LC Thessaloniki
   EΜΒ Auth
   IAESTE Thessaloniki
   IEEE φοιτητικό παράρτημα ΑΠΘ
   SpaceDot
   VROOM
   Panther
  

THMMY.gr Web

Helios_MultiScribbles2SMF Default ThemeSMFone_Blue

[Ανεβάζετε τα θέματα των εξετάσεων στον τομέα Downloads]

Είσαι πρωτοετής;... Καλώς ήρθες! Μπορείς να βρεις πληροφορίες εδώ. Βοήθεια για τους καινούργιους μέσω χάρτη.

Κατεβάστε εδώ το Android Application για εύκολη πρόσβαση στο forum.

Ανεβάζετε τα θέματα των εξετάσεων στον τομέα Downloads με προσοχή στα ονόματα των αρχείων!

[ονόματα των αρχείων]

Ανεβάζετε τα θέματα των εξετάσεων στον τομέα Downloads

με προσοχή στα ονόματα των αρχείων!

[Mathematica]

Το 50% των μελων του φορουμ εχει 0 ποστ.

[Jericho]

Το 50% των μελων του φορουμ εχει 0 ποστ.

Αν ποτέ γίνει poll για την πιο άχρηστη, θα έχεις τη μπζήφο μου.

[Exomag]

4chan

4chan is an English-language imageboard website. Users generally post anonymously, with the most recent posts appearing above the rest. 4chan is split into various boards with their own specific content and guidelines. Registration is not required, nor is it possible (except for staff).

Launched on October 1, 2003, its boards were originally used for posting pictures and discussing manga and anime, as the site was modeled on Japanese imageboards. The site quickly became popular and expanded, though much of 4chan's content still features otaku, anime, and other Japanese cultural influences.

The site has been linked to Internet subcultures and activism, most notably Project Chanology. 4chan users have been responsible for the formation or popularization of Internet memes such as lolcats, Rickrolling, "Chocolate Rain", Pedobear and many others. The site's "Random" board, also known as "/b/", was the site's first forum, and is the one that receives the most traffic. As its name suggests, the Random board has minimal rules on posted content. Gawker once jokingly claimed that "reading /b/ will melt your brain". The site's anonymous community and culture have often provoked media attention. For media planners, this enterprise is "further proof that creativity is everywhere and new media is less accessible" to advertisement agencies.

4chan has been instrumental in hijacking Internet destinations for pranks, so that, for example, images of Rick Astley appeared instead of the page that was searched for; the coordination of attacks against other websites and Internet users; and reactions to threats of violence that have been posted on the site. The Guardian once summarized the 4chan community as "lunatic, juvenile... brilliant, ridiculous and alarming."


Background
4chan was started in 2003 in the bedroom of a then-15-year-old student from New York City named Christopher Poole, who posts as "moot". Prior to starting 4chan, Poole had been a regular participant on the Something Awful forums. He intended 4chan to be a place to discuss Japanese comics and anime, an American counterpart to the popular Japanese Futaba Channel ("2chan") imageboard. Poole originally used the Futaba Channel to obtain anime-related images, and liked the concept of a message board where people anonymously shared images, which eventually led to his idea of creating a similar English-based website. During the creation of 4chan, he obtained the source code for the Futaba Channel website, and translated the Japanese text into English using Altavista's Babelfish online translator. When he first created the website, it had only two boards: "/a/ – Anime/General" and "/b/ – Anime/Random"; over time more boards were created, and /b/ was eventually renamed to simply "/b/ – Random".

The activity of 4chan takes place on message boards and imageboards. The website is split into six categories: Japanese culture, Interests, Creative, Adult (18+), Other, and Misc (18+). These provide for on-topic boards to discuss anime, manga, technology, sport, photography, music, hentai, torrents, travel, physical fitness, as well as a random board. 4chan originally hosted discussion boards on a separate domain called "world4ch", but these were later moved to the dis.4chan.org subdomain. The site has had at least one employee, a programmer whom Poole met via online Tetris. All other moderators are volunteers. The boards that attract the largest amount of traffic, from greatest to least, are /b/ (Random), /v/ (Video games), /a/ (Anime and Manga), and /s/ (board intended for sharing explicit images).

During the early days of 4chan, the boards that originally existed were the anime, random, cute, hentai, and yaoi boards; a lolicon board also existed at /l/, but after being disabled for a week around the turn of the year 2004 it was removed in October 2004.[16] The /g/ board also was initially dedicated to guro, before it was deleted and later remade as the "technology" board. During 2004, 4chan briefly went offline, then returned fully online a few months later. Following 4chan's return, non-anime related boards, such as the weapons, automobile, and video games boards, were introduced. In 2008, the "Japan/General" board at /jp/ was created for topics that did not fit under the anime and manga category of /a/; /jp/ was later renamed to "Otaku Culture".

4chan is one of the Internet's most trafficked imageboards, according to the Los Angeles Times. 4chan's Alexa rank is generally around 700, though it has been as high as number 56 at times. It is provided to its users free of charge and consumes a large amount of bandwidth; as a result, its financing has often been problematic. Poole acknowledges that donations alone cannot keep the site online, so he has turned to advertising to help make ends meet. However, the explicit content hosted on 4chan has deterred businesses who do not want to be associated with the site's content. In January 2009, Poole signed a new deal with an advertising company; in February 2009, he was $20,000 in debt and the site was continuing to lose money. The 4chan servers were moved from Texas to California in August 2008, which upgraded the maximum bandwidth throughput of 4chan from 100Mbit/s to 1Gbit/s.

Unlike most web forums, 4chan does not have a registration system, allowing users to post anonymously. Any nickname may be used when posting, even one that has been previously adopted, such as "Anonymous" or "moot". In place of registration, 4chan has provided tripcodes as an optional form of authenticating a poster's identity. As making a post without filling in the "Name" field causes posts to be attributed to "Anonymous", general understanding on 4chan holds that Anonymous is not a single person but a collective (hive) of users. Moderators generally post without a name even when performing sysop actions. A "capcode" may be used to attribute the post to "Anonymous ## Mod", although moderators often post without the capcode. In a 2011 interview on Nico Nico Douga, Poole explained that there are approximately 20 volunteer moderators active on 4chan. 4chan also has a junior moderation team, called "janitors", who may delete posts or images and suggest that the normal moderation team ban a user, but who can not post with a capcode. Revealing oneself as a janitor is grounds for immediate dismissal.

In January 2011, Poole announced the deletion of the /r9k/ ("ROBOT9000") and /new/ (News) boards, saying that /new/ had become devoted to racist discussions, and /r9k/ no longer served its original purpose of being a test implementation of xkcd's ROBOT9000 script. During the same year, the /soc/ board was created in an effort to reduce the number of socialization threads on /b/. /r9k/ was restored on October 23, 2011, along with /hc/ ("Hardcore", previously deleted), /pol/ (a rebranding of /new/) and the new /diy/ board, in addition to an apology by Poole where he recalls how he criticized the deletion of Encyclopedia Dramatica, and realized that he had done the same.

4chan has been the target of occasional denial of service attacks. For instance, on December 28, 2010, 4chan went down due to a such an attack. Christopher Poole said on his blog "We now join the ranks of MasterCard, Visa, PayPal, et al.—an exclusive club!"

In 2010 4chan implemented reCAPTCHA in an effort to thwart spam arising from JavaScript worms. Later in November 2011, 4chan made the transition to utilising CloudFlare following a series of distributed denial of service attacks. The 4chan imageboards were rewritten in valid HTML5/CSS3 in May 2012 in an effort to improve client-side performance.

As of September 28, 2012, 4chan introduced a "4chan pass", which when purchased "allows users to bypass typing a reCAPTCHA verification when posting and reporting posts on the 4chan image boards". The money raised from the passes will go towards supporting the site.

On October 1, 2013, 4chan became 10 years old.

On January 21, 2015, moot stepped down as the site's administrator.


[...]


/b/ imageboard
The "random" board, /b/, follows the design of Futaba Channel's Nijiura board. It was the first board created, and is by far 4chan's most popular board, with 30% of site traffic. Gawker.com's Nick Douglas summarized /b/ as a board where "people try to shock, entertain, and coax free porn from each other."[5] /b/ has a "no rules" policy, except for bans on certain illegal content, such as child pornography, invasions of other websites (posting floods of disruptive content), and under-18 viewing, all of which are inherited from site-wide rules. The "no invasions" rule was added in late 2006, after /b/ users spent most of the summer "invading" Habbo Hotel. The "no rules" policy also applies to actions of administrators and moderators, which means that users may be banned at any time, for any reason, including no reason at all.[65] Due partially to its anonymous nature, board moderation is not always successful—indeed, the site's anti-child pornography rule is a subject of jokes on /b/. Christopher Poole told The New York Times, in a discussion on the moderation of /b/, that "the power lies in the community to dictate its own standards" and that site staff simply provided a framework.

The humor of /b/'s many users, who refer to themselves as "/b/tards", is often incomprehensible to newcomers and outsiders, and is characterized by intricate inside jokes and dark comedy. Users often refer to each other, and much of the outside world, as fags. They are often referred to by outsiders as trolls, who regularly act with the intention of "doing it for the lulz": a corruption of "LOL" used to denote amusement at another's expense. The New York Observer has described posters as "immature pranksters whose bad behavior is encouraged by the site's total anonymity and the absence of an archive". Douglas said of the board, "reading /b/ will melt your brain", and cited Encyclopedia Dramatica's definition of /b/ as "the asshole of the Internets". Mattathias Schwartz of The New York Times likened /b/ to "a high-school bathroom stall, or an obscene telephone party line", while Baltimore City Paper wrote that "in the high school of the Internet, /b/ is the kid with a collection of butterfly knives and a locker full of porn." Wired describes /b/ as "notorious".

Each post is assigned a post number. Certain post numbers are sought after with a large amount of posting taking place to "GET" them. A "GET" occurs when a post's number ends in a special number, such as 12345678, 22222222, or every millionth post. A sign of 4chan's scaling, according to Poole, was when GETs lost meaning due to the high post rate resulting in a GET occurring every few weeks. He estimated /b/'s post rate in July 2008 to be 150,000–200,000 posts per day.


[...]



Source: Wikipedia

[Mathematica]

Το 50% των μελων του φορουμ εχει 0 ποστ.

Αν ποτέ γίνει poll για την πιο άχρηστη, θα έχεις τη μπζήφο μου.

αν γινει poll για τον ποιο αχρηστο δε θα ξερω ποιον να διαλεξω

[Jericho]

Το 50% των μελων του φορουμ εχει 0 ποστ.

Αν ποτέ γίνει poll για την πιο άχρηστη, θα έχεις τη μπζήφο μου.

αν γινει poll για τον ποιο αχρηστο δε θα ξερω ποιον να διαλεξω

Το gender θα έπρεπε να αναγράφεται υποχρεωτικά.

[Αλντεμπαράν]

Πίσσα και πούπουλα



Υπήρξε μέθοδος τιμωρίας και εξευτέλισης στην Αγγλία/Β. Αμερική του 18ου/19ου αιώνα.

Σε μια τυπική φάση με πίσσα και πούπουλα, το άτομο ήταν γυμνό απο τη μέση και πάνω και μια ποσότητα καυτής πίσσας χυνόταν στο σώμα του ενώ ήταν ακινητοποιημένος.

Στη συνέχεια το θύμα σπρωχνόταν σε ένα σωρό από φτερά, έτσι ώστε να κολλήσουν τα φτερά στην πίσσα. Φυσικά ύστερα, το θύμα δεμένο έβγαινε σε κοινή θέα στην πόλη για να ταπεινωθεί πλήρως. Κάτι σαν λιντσάρισμα, νόμος 4000 κτλ.

Χαρακτηριστική τιμωρία που συναντάται κατά κόρον στα κόμιξ Λάκυ Λιούκ (ή Λούκυ Λουκ αν προτιμάτε).


Τarring and feathering in Wiki

[Exomag]

Butylscopolamine

Butylscopolamine — also known as scopolamine butylbromide, butylhyoscine, butylscopolaminebromide, and hyoscine butylbromide — is a peripherally acting antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agent.

Butylscopolamine is used to treat pain and discomfort caused by abdominal cramps, menstrual cramps, or other spasmodic activity in the digestive system. It is also effective at preventing bladder spasms. It is not a pain medication in the normal sense, since it does not directly affect pain, but rather works to prevent painful cramps and spasms from occurring.

It is marketed under the trade name Buscopan. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.


Medical uses
Butylscopolamine is used to treat crampy abdominal pain with some success.

Hyoscine butylbromide is effective in significantly reducing the duration of the first stage of labour, and it is not associated with any obvious adverse outcomes in mother or neonate.


Pharmacology
It is a quaternary ammonium compound and a semisynthetic derivative of scopolamine. The attachment of the butyl-bromide moiety effectively prevents the movement of this drug across the blood–brain barrier, effectively minimising undesirable central nervous system side effects associated with scopolamine/hyoscine.


Abuse
Butylscopolamine is not centrally active and has a low incidence of abuse.



Source: Wikipedia

[chibi-usa]

270η επετειος γεννησης του αλεσαντρο βολτα
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%92%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1

[Karaμazoβ]

Το Ο,ΤΙ το χειρότερο.



<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P92guhd7d-8" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P92guhd7d-8</a>


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare#World_War_I:_Entrenchment








ΥΓ

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vH3-Gt7mgyM" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vH3-Gt7mgyM</a>

[Karaμazoβ]

Ο Ρόμπερτ Έντουαρντ Λη (αγγλικά: Robert Edward Lee) ήταν αρχηγός των δυνάμεων του Νότου στον Αμερικανικό Εμφύλιο Πόλεμο και καταγόταν από την Βιρτζίνια. Ήταν εναντίον της δουλείας και δεν είχε δούλους. Η φοβερή στρατιωτική του ικανότητα έφερε τον αδύναμο Νότο στα πρόθυρα της Ουάσινγκτον, ενώ το όνομα του έγινε συνώνυμο του Νότου. Έχαιρε βαθιάς εκτίμησης και στους στρατιώτες του Βορρά. Κατά την ημέρα της παράδοσης του Νότου οι βόρειοι τον ασπάστηκαν ως δικό τους αρχηγό. Έχασε από προσωπικό του λάθος την κρίσιμη μάχη στο Γκέττυσμπεργκ και από συγκυρία πιθανόν και αυτόν τον ίδιο τον πόλεμο. Θεωρείται η πιο σημαντική προσωπικότητα του Αμερικανικού Εμφυλίου.



Το τέλος της 36ετούς καριέρας του τον βρήκε διοικητή στην φρουρά του Τέξας και την ώρα της απόσχισης οι Τεξανοί τον διώχνουν σαν εκπρόσωπο της κυβέρνησης των ΗΠΑ. Στην συνέχεια τον διάλεξε ο αρχιστράτηγος Ουίνφηλντ Σκοτ που τον εκτιμούσε σαν τον καλύτερο ποτέ στρατιώτη του, να του αναθέσει την διαδοχή του στην στρατιωτική ηγεσία του Βορρά. Ο Λη απάντησε ότι αν η Βιρτζίνια αποσχιστεί, όπως αναμενόταν, τότε δεν θα μπορούσε να σηκώσει το σπαθί ενάντια στα παιδιά του. Ο Σκοτ, λυπημένα, δήλωσε ότι δεν περίμενε άλλη απάντηση από έναν τέτοιο ακέραιο χαρακτήρα. Ο Λη επέστρεψε στην Βιρτζίνια και τελικά δέχτηκε μια θέση συμβούλου στο επιτελείο του Νότου όπως άρμοζε σε ένα άτομο της προχωρημένης ηλικίας του. Τα λόγια του για το πως έβλεπε την εξέλιξη του πολέμου υπήρξαν προφητικά: «Ο Νότος δεν συνειδητοποιεί τα τεράστια υλικά αποθέματα του Βορρά και ο Βορράς δεν συνειδητοποιεί το πείσμα για αντίσταση του Νότου».

Πάντως οι στρατιωτικοί ελιγμοί των νοτίων στρατηγών Λη, Τζάκσον, Λόνγκστρητ, Έρλυ και Στιούαρτ έμειναν στην στρατιωτική ιστορία, ενώ για τους βόρειους στρατηγούς ελάχιστα πράγματα μνημονεύονται, διότι άλλαζαν συχνά λόγω των στρατιωτικών τους αποτυχιών και δεν μπορούσαν να εκμεταλλευτούν την ποσοτική υπεροχή τους σε εξοπλισμό και στρατό. Κατά τον τραυματισμό του επίσης ικανού νότιου στρατηγού Τζάκσον, που τελικά έχασε το αριστερό του χέρι ο Λη είχε πει χαρακτηριστικά: «Εκείνος έχασε το αριστερό του κι εγώ το δεξί μου χέρι!»

Ο Λη αντέγραψε την τακτική του Ναπολέοντα. Έτσι χώριζε τον στρατό του σε δύο η τρία τμήματα, αναγκάζοντας τον αντίπαλο να διασπάσει τις δυνάμεις του αντίστοιχα για να μην βρεθεί εκτεθειμένος. Στην συνέχεια ανακάλυπτε το αδύνατο σημείο του εχθρού και με μία γρήγορη αναδιάταξη δυνάμεων επετίθετο εκεί. Για την επιτυχία του σχεδίου όμως απαιτούνταν δύο θεμελιώδεις προϋποθέσεις: α) ο αρχιστράτηγος έπρεπε να έχει καλή πληροφόρηση των αντιπάλων θέσεων και β) μεγάλη εμπιστοσύνη στους διοικητές των μονάδων του, ότι είχαν κατανοήσει πλήρως το σχέδιο και θα δρούσαν άμεσα όταν θα ερχόταν η ώρα να κτυπήσουν. Σε αντίθετη περίπτωση η σύγχυση ήταν η μόνη κατάληξη. Στην κρίσιμη μάχη του Γκέττυσμπεργκ ο Λη έχασε επαφή με το ιππικό του και μαζί με αυτό και την πληροφόρηση για την ανάπτυξη του εχθρού.

http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9B%CE%B7





Lee's views on slavery


Since the end of the Civil War, it has often been suggested Lee was in some sense opposed to slavery. In the period following the war, Lee became a central figure in the Lost Cause interpretation of the war. The argument that Lee had always somehow opposed slavery helped maintain his stature as a symbol of Southern honor and national reconciliation. Freeman's analysis places Lee's attitude toward slavery and abolition in a historical context:

This [opinion] was the prevailing view among most religious people of Lee's class in the border states. They believed that slavery existed because God willed it and they thought it would end when God so ruled. The time and the means were not theirs to decide, conscious though they were of the ill-effects of Negro slavery on both races. Lee shared these convictions of his neighbors without having come in contact with the worst evils of African bondage. He spent no considerable time in any state south of Virginia from the day he left Fort Pulaski in 1831 until he went to Texas in 1856. All his reflective years had been passed in the North or in the border states. He had never been among the blacks on a cotton or rice plantation. At Arlington, the servants had been notoriously indolent, their master's master. Lee, in short, was only acquainted with slavery at its best, and he judged it accordingly. At the same time, he was under no illusion regarding the aims of the Abolitionists or the effect of their agitation.

A key source cited by defenders and critics is Lee's 1856 letter to his wife:

... In this enlightened age, there are few I believe, but what will acknowledge, that slavery as an institution, is a moral & political evil in any Country. It is useless to expatiate on its disadvantages. I think it however a greater evil to the white man than to the black race, & while my feelings are strongly enlisted in behalf of the latter, my sympathies are more strong for the former. The blacks are immeasurably better off here than in Africa, morally, socially & physically. The painful discipline they are undergoing, is necessary for their instruction as a race, & I hope will prepare & lead them to better things. How long their subjugation may be necessary is known & ordered by a wise Merciful Providence.

—Robert E. Lee, to Mary Anna Lee, December 27, 1856

The evidence cited in favor of the claim that Lee opposed slavery included his direct statements and his actions before and during the war, including Lee's support of the work by his wife and her mother to liberate slaves and fund their move to Liberia, the success of his wife and daughter in setting up an illegal school for slaves on the Arlington plantation, the freeing of Custis' slaves in 1862, and, as the Confederacy's position in the war became desperate, his petitioning slaveholders in 1864–65 to allow slaves to volunteer for the Army with manumission offered as a reward for outstanding service.

In December 1864 Lee was shown a letter by Louisiana Senator Edward Sparrow, written by General St. John R. Liddell, which noted Lee would be hard-pressed in the interior of Virginia by spring, and the need to consider Patrick Cleburne's plan to emancipate the slaves and put all men in the army who were willing to join. Lee was said to have agreed on all points and desired to get black soldiers, saying "he could make soldiers out of any human being that had arms and legs."


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee#Lee.27s_views_on_slavery









Bonus:


<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0m0hTrtlWM" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0m0hTrtlWM</a>

[Αλντεμπαράν]

Griot



A griot (/ˈɡri.oʊ/; , jali or jeli (djeli or djéli in French spelling) is a West African historian, storyteller, praise singer, poet and/or musician. The griot is a repository of oral tradition and is often seen as a societal leader due to his traditional position as an adviser to royal personages. As a result of the former of these two functions, he is sometimes also called a bard. According to Paul Oliver in his book Savannah Syncopators, "Though [the griot] has to know many traditional songs without error, he must also have the ability to extemporize on current events, chance incidents and the passing scene. His wit can be devastating and his knowledge of local history formidable". Although they are popularly known as "praise singers", griots may use their vocal expertise for gossip, satire, or political comment.

Griots today live in many parts of West Africa and are present among the Mande peoples (Mandinka, Malinké, Bambara, etc.), Fulɓe (Fula), Hausa, Songhai, Tukulóor, Wolof, Serer, Mossi, Dagomba, Mauritanian Arabs and many other smaller groups. The word may derive from the French transliteration "guiriot" of the Portuguese word "criado", or masculine singular term for "servant". These story-tellers are more predominant in the northern portions of West Africa.[citation needed]

In African languages, griots are referred to by a number of names: jeli in northern Mande areas, jali in southern Mande areas, guewel in Wolof, gawlo in Pulaar (Fula). Griots form an endogamous caste, meaning that most of them only marry fellow griots and that those who are not griots do not normally perform the same functions that they perform.

Francis Bebey writes about the griot in his book African Music, A People's Art (Lawrence Hill Books):

"The West African griot is a troubadour, the counterpart of the medieval European minstrel... The griot knows everything that is going on... He is a living archive of the people's traditions... The virtuoso talents of the griots command universal admiration. This virtuosity is the culmination of long years of study and hard work under the tuition of a teacher who is often a father or uncle. The profession is by no means a male prerogative. There are many women griots whose talents as singers and musicians are equally remarkable."[1]


Terms "griot" and "jali"
The Manding term jeliya (meaning "musicianhood") is sometimes used for the knowledge of griots, indicating the hereditary nature of the class. Jali comes from the root word jali or djali (blood). This word is also the title given to griots in areas corresponding to the former Mali Empire. Though the usage "griot" is far more common in English, some griot advocates such as Bakari Sumano prefer the term jeli.

In the Mali Empire

Griots of Sambala, king of Médina (Fula people, Mali), 1890.
The Mali Empire (Malinke Empire), at its height in the middle of the 14th century, extended from central Africa (today's Chad and Niger) to West Africa (today's Mali and Senegal). The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita, whose exploits remain celebrated in Mali today. In the Epic of Sundiata, King Naré Maghann Konaté offered his son Sundiata a griot, Balla Fasséké, to advise him in his reign. Balla Fasséké is considered the founder of the Kouyaté line of griots that exists to this day.

Each aristocratic family of griots accompanied a higher-ranked family of warrior-kings or emperors, called jatigi. In traditional culture, no griot can be without a jatigi, and no jatigi can be without a griot; the two are inseparable and worthless without the other. However, the jatigi can accept a "loan" of his griot to another jatigi.

Most villages also had their own griot, who told tales of births, deaths, marriages, battles, hunts, affairs, and hundreds of other things.

In Mande society
In Mande society, the jeli was an historian, advisor, arbitrator, praise singer (patronage), and storyteller. Essentially, these musicians were walking history books, preserving their ancient stories and traditions through song. Their inherited tradition was passed down through generations. Their name, jeli, means "blood" in Manika language. They were said to have deep connections to spiritual, social, or political powers as music is associated as such. Speech is said to have power as it can recreate history and relationships.

Today
Bakari Sumano, head of the Association of Bamako Griots in Mali from 1994 to 2003, was an internationally-known advocate for the importance of the griot in West African society.

In popular culture
Film
In the Malian film Guimba the Tyrant (1995) directed by Cheick Oumar Sissoko, the storytelling is done through the village griot, who also provides comic relief.
I was born as a Djeli (2007), a French documentary film written by Gwenaelle de Kergommeaux and Olivier Janin, directed by Cédric Condom
Music
"Griot" is the name of an instrumental track on Jon Hassell and Brian Eno's ambient album Possible Musics (1980).
Innercity Griots (1993) is the second album by Los Angeles hip-hop group Freestyle Fellowship, released through 4th & B'way Records. The group, consisting of four emcees — Aceyalone, P.E.A.C.E., Mikah 9 and Self Jupiter — received worldwide acclaim with their second project. Released during the prominent gangsta era of West Coast hip hop, Innercity Griots, along with albums such as The Pharcyde's Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde and Del tha Funkee Homosapien's I Wish My Brother George Was Here, established an acclaimed era of alternative hip hop in California.[citation needed]
"Griot" is the first song on the album Rubber Orchestras by Trinidadian poet and musician Anthony Joseph and The Spasm Band.[2]
Print
Alex Haley's book Roots makes references to a griot who passed down his family history through the oral tradition. When Haley traces his history, passing from his previous generation through the slave time, back to Africa, he thought there should be griots telling his history and the history of his ancestor, known in the family as "The African", who was captured in the bushes as he was seeking timber to make a talking drum. When Haley arrived in Africa to do research for his book, he believed he had found griots telling his history. Through them he learned the ancestor's identity: Kunta Kinte. Since he had first heard the story from his grandmother and later refreshed by his older cousin, he believed that they were griots in their own way until someone put the story to writing. He later learned that his cousin had died within an hour of his arrival at the village. (However, this story illustrates the problems and complexities of oral tradition, especially when approached without expert knowledge. In 1981, it was shown by Donald Wright[3] that the story of Kunta Kinte had been manufactured by a well-wisher. Following the publication of Roots, the story was being told in multiple versions with differing embellishments, having entered the stock of general stories.)
In the late novels of the Ivorian writer Ahmadou Kourouma, Waiting for the Wild Beasts to Vote takes the form of a praise-song by the Sora, the griot, Bingo to the president-dictator of the fictitious République du Golfe. His final novel Allah is not Obliged prominently features a griot character.
In Paule Marshall's Praisesong for the Widow, the protagonist Avatara (Avey) might take on some of the characteristics of a griot, especially in her commitment to passing on to her grandchildren her aunt's oral story of the Igbo Landing, in which Africans brought to the U.S. Sea Islands to be slaves promptly turned around and walked back to Africa over the water.
Malian novelist Massa Makan Diabaté was a descendant and critic of the griot tradition. Though Diabaté argued that griots "no longer exist" in the classic sense,[4] he saw this tradition as one that could be salvaged through written literature. His fiction and plays blend traditional Mandinka storytelling and idiom with Western literary forms.
Notable griot artists and groups

Mandinka Griot Al-Haji Papa Susso performing songs from the oral tradition of the Gambia on the kora

This ancient Baobab tree in the Réserve de Bandia, Sénégal, forms a living mausoleum for the remains of famed local griots.
Burkina Faso[edit]
Sotigui Kouyaté (Burkina Faso)
Côte d'Ivoire[edit]
Tiken Jah Fakoly (Odienné)
Gambia[edit]
Lamin Saho (Gambia)
Foday Musa Suso (Gambia)
Papa Susso (Gambia)
Guinea[edit]
Ba Cissoko (Guinea)
Djeli Moussa Diawara or Jali Musa Jawara (Guinea)
Mory Kante
N'Faly Kouyate (Guinea)
Mali[edit]
Abdoulaye Diabaté
Baba Sissoko
Balla Tounkara
Cheick Hamala Diabaté
Djelimady Tounkara
Habib Koité
Mamadou Diabaté
Sara M'Bodji
Toumani Diabaté
Mauritania[edit]
Dimi Mint Abba (Mauritania)
Nigeria (northern)[edit]
Dan Maraya Jos (Nigeria)
Muhamman Shata (Nigeria)
Niger[edit]
Etran Finatawa (Niger)
Yacouba Moumouni (Niger)
Senegal[edit]
Ablaye Cissokko (Senegal)
Baaba Maal (Senegal)
Nuru Kane (Senegam)
Mansour Seck
Youssou N'Dour (Senegal)



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grio]wiki

[Nerevar]

Zoo hypothesis


The zoo hypothesis is one of many theoretical explanations for the Fermi Paradox. The hypothesis speculates as to the assumed behavior and existence of technically advanced extraterrestrial life and the reasons they refrain from contacting Earth. One interpretation of the hypothesis argues that intelligent alien life intentionally ignores Earth to allow for natural evolution and sociocultural development. The hypothesis seeks to explain the apparent absence of extraterrestrial life despite its generally accepted plausibility and hence the reasonable expectation of its existence.

Aliens might, for example, choose to allow contact once the human race has passed certain technological, political, or ethical standards. They might withhold contact until humans force contact upon them, possibly by sending a spacecraft to planets they inhabit. Alternatively, a reluctance to initiate contact could reflect a sensible desire to minimize risk. An alien society with advanced remote-sensing technologies may conclude that direct contact with neighbors confers added risks to oneself without an added benefit.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_hypothesis

[Nerevar]

Pi Day

Pi Day is an annual celebration of the mathematical constant π (pi). Pi Day is observed on March 14, (3/14 in the month/day date format since 3, 1, and 4 are the first three significant digits of π.[2] In 2009, the United States House of Representatives supported the designation of Pi Day.[3]

Pi Approximation Day is observed on 22 of July (or 22/7 in the day/month date format), since the fraction 22⁄7 is a common approximation of π, which is accurate to two decimal places and dates from Archimedes.[4]

The date 3/14/15 at 9:26:53.58979... followed the sequence of pi to all digits, using the month/day date format system of Ο λογαριασμός έχει παραβιαστεί, μην ανοίξετε το link..[5] If April had 31 days, the holiday would be celebrated in almost all of the world on 31 of April, as USA is the only country that uses the month-day date system.[6]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Day

[Mathematica]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinfante–Rosenfeld_stress–energy_tensor

[Αλντεμπαράν]

Καζάς

Ο καζάς ή το καϊμακαμλίκι (αραβικά: قضاء, qaḍāʾ, πληθυντικός: أقضية, aqḍiyah, οθωμανικά τουρκικά: kazâ,[1] τουρκικά: kaza) αποτελεί μια διοικητική διαίρεση που χρησιμοποιήθηκε αρχικά στην Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία και έπειτα από τα διάδοχα κράτη της αυτοκρατορίας. Η λέξη προέρχεται από οθωμανική τουρκική γλώσσα και σημαίνει "διοίκηση" και συχνά μεταφράζεται ως "επαρχία",[2] "υπο-επαρχία"[3] (επίσης αναφέρεται έτσι και ο "ναχιγές") ή "δικαστική περιφέρεια".[4] Στην ελληνική ιστοριογραφία μεταφράζεται και ως "νομός" μιμούμενος την μεταγενέστερη διοικητική διαίρεση της Ελλάδας. Σήμερα ο "καζάς" ή "καδάς" αποτελεί την δεύτερου επιπέδου διοικητική διαίρεση του Ιράκ και του Λιβάνου, ενώ αποτελεί την τρίτου επιπέδου διοικητική διαίρεση της Ιορδανίας.

Στην Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, ο καζάς ήταν «μια γεωγραφική περιοχή που υπόκειται σε νομική και διοικητική δικαιοδοσία ενός δικαστή, του καδή».[1] Με τις πρώτες μεταρρυθμίσεις, που είναι γνωστές ως τανζιμάτ, του 1839 οι διοικητικές αρμοδιότητες του καδή μεταφέρθηκαν σε έναν υποδιοικητή, τον Καϊμακάμη, με το καδή να περιορίζεται στην άσκηση των δικαστικών του αρμοδιοτήτων στα πλαίσια του ισλαμικού νόμου.[5] Αργότερα την εποχή των τανζιμάτ, ο καζάς γίνεται διοικητική διαίρεση με το «Σχέδιο Επαρχιακής Μεταρρύθμισης» του 1864, το οποίο υλοποιήθηκε κατά την επόμενη δεκαετία. Ο καζάς ενοποιούσε τις αρμοδιότητες του διοικητή (καϊμακάμη) που διοριζόταν από το Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών της αυτοκρατορίας, έναν ταμία (διευθύνοντα σύμβουλο των χρηματοδοτήσεων) και έναν δικαστή (καδή) σε μία ενιαία διοικητική μονάδα. Η διοικητική μεταρρύθμιση αποτελούσε μέρος των προσπαθειών της Υψηλής Πύλης για τη δημιουργία ενιαίας ορθολογικής διαχείρισης σε όλη την αυτοκρατορία.

Ο καζάς αποτελούσε υποδιαίρεση μιας διοικητικής περιφέρειας, του σαντζακίου [1] , που αυτό αυτό αποτελούσε διαίρεση του βιλαετίου, και αντιστοιχούσε περίπου σε μια πόλη με τα γύρω χωριά της. Με την σειρά τους, ο καζάς διαιρούνταν σε άλλες υπο-επαρχίες, τον ναχιγέ, που διοικούνταν από έναν διοικητικό τοποτηρητή, τον "μουντούρη", και την κοινότητα, το "καριέ", που διοικούνταν από τον "μουχτάρη".[6] Σύμφωνα με την αναθεώρηση του διοικητικού δικαίου το 1871, ο ναχιγές, που συνέχιζε να διοικείται από τον μουχτάρη, αποτελούσε το ενδιάμεσο επίπεδο μεταξύ του καζά και του χωριού, που διοικείται από τον "κόι μουχτάρ".[6]

Ο καζάς αποτελούσε κατά το παρελθόν το δεύτερο επίπεδο διοικητικής διαίρεσης της Συρίας, που έχει αντικατασταθεί με την επαρχία, που ονομάζεται "μιντακάχ". Τα πρώτα χρόνια μετά την ίδρυση του τουρκικού κράτους, εξακολουθεί να χρησιμοποιείται ο όρος καζάς μέχρι την αντικατάστασή με τον "ίλσε" την δεκαετία του 1920.

_________________________________

dedicated to New_Entry