Η άχρηστη πληροφορία της ημέρας

[Thmmy.gr portal]

  Thmmy.gr portal
   Forum
   Downloads
   Ενεργ. Λογαριασμού
   Επικοινωνία
  
  Χρήσιμα links
   Σελίδα τμήματος
   Βιβλιοθήκη Τμήματος
   Elearning
   Φοιτητικά fora
   Πρόγραμμα Λέσχης
   Πρακτική Άσκηση
   Ηλεκτρονική Εξυπηρέτηση Φοιτητών
   Διανομή Συγγραμμάτων
   Ψηφιακό Καταθετήριο Διπλωματικών
   Πληροφορίες Καθηγητών
   Instagram @thmmy.gr
   mTHMMY
  
  Φοιτητικές Ομάδες
   ACM
   Aristurtle
   ART
   ASAT
   BEAM
   BEST Thessaloniki
   EESTEC LC Thessaloniki
   EΜΒ Auth
   IAESTE Thessaloniki
   IEEE φοιτητικό παράρτημα ΑΠΘ
   SpaceDot
   VROOM
   Panther
  

THMMY.gr Web

Helios_MultiScribbles2SMF Default ThemeSMFone_Blue

[Ανεβάζετε τα θέματα των εξετάσεων στον τομέα Downloads]

Είσαι πρωτοετής;... Καλώς ήρθες! Μπορείς να βρεις πληροφορίες εδώ. Βοήθεια για τους καινούργιους μέσω χάρτη.

Κατεβάστε εδώ το Android Application για εύκολη πρόσβαση στο forum.

Ανεβάζετε τα θέματα των εξετάσεων στον τομέα Downloads με προσοχή στα ονόματα των αρχείων!

Για ανανέωση (ή προσθήκη νέου) avatar, πρέπει η μεγαλύτερη διάσταση της εικόνας να είναι 110 pixels.

[bakeneko]

Δες ξεθάψιμο που κάνω τώρα, 13 Φεβρ 2006
1 kilobyte = 1000 ή 1024 bytes; Και τα δύο...

[Karaμazoβ]

Το 1917 ο περιβόητος λήσταρχος Φώτης Γιαγκούλας (τέλη 19ου αιώνα-1925) απέκτησε ένα ξεχωριστό, όπως επρόκειτο να αποδειχθεί, φονικό όπλο, τη μαχαίρα του, την οποία ο ίδιος αποκαλούσε «Παρδάλα». Στη λεπίδα της ο λήσταρχος είχε χαράξει το εξής κείμενο:

«Προς τους πάντας. Μη δηνάμενος να εύρο ίδινος δικαίου παρά της δυκαιοσήνης των Ελλήνων, ηναγγάσθην να τονίσο το δίκαιον της Παρδάλας ή Μαχαίρας. Όθεον η ύψηστος αυτή λειτουργός της ανάνδρου Δικαιοσύνης ονόματι Παρδάλα έχη τον λόγον από σήμερον εις πάντας τους αιωθούντας και απίστους. Η λειτουργία αυτής έσετε πάντοτε ειλικρινής και ουδέποτε θέλη λησμονήση τα Ιερά καθήκοντά της προς αναμονή του δικαίου.

Μαρτίου 1917»

Ελεύθερη απόδοση στη νέα ελληνική:

«Προς όλους. Επειδή δεν μπορώ να βρω δίκαιο στη δικαιοσύνη των Ελλήνων, αναγκάσθηκα να τονίσω το δίκαιο της Παρδάλας ή Μαχαίρας. Από τώρα και στο εξής η ύψιστη αυτή λειτουργός της άνανδρης Δικαιοσύνης, η ονομαζόμενη “Παρδάλα”, έχει τον λόγο απέναντι σε όλους τους υπεύθυνους και άπιστους. Η λειτουργία αυτής της μαχαίρας θα είναι πάντα ειλικρινής και πότε δεν θα λησμονήσει τα ιερά της καθήκοντα για την απονομή του δικαίου.
Μάρτιος 1917».

Ο Φώτης Γιαγκούλας χρησιμοποιούσε την Παρδάλα ως μέσο επιβολής και προστασίας, αποτελώντας τον πιστό «σύντροφό» του για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα. Αυτό το μαχαίρι είχε μαζί του σε περιόδους έντασης, όταν αναστάτωνε με τα καμώματά του διάφορα χωριά ή όταν η Χωροφυλακή τον κυνηγούσε θέτοντάς τον στο στόχαστρό της. Την Παρδάλα, όμως, κουβαλούσε μαζί του και όταν σε περιόδους ανάπαυλας και ηρεμίας αποτραβιόταν στα βουνά. Δεν ξενίζει, επομένως, το γεγονός ότι η Παρδάλα αντιμετωπίστηκε από τον ληστή όχι μόνον σαν ένας πολύτιμος αλλά και σαν ένας αξιοσέβαστος «σύντροφος». Γι’ αυτό, άλλωστε, ο ίδιος ο Γιαγκούλας επέλεξε να «σφραγίσει» με το προσωπικό του στίγμα το όπλο αυτό, ανεξίτηλο δείγμα της παρορμητικής, ιδιόμορφης και φλογερής ιδιοσυγκρασίας του.

Λέγεται ότι ο Φώτης Γιαγκούλας σκότωσε συνολικά πενήντα τέσσερα άτομα, πιθανότατα αρκετά από αυτά με το συγκεκριμένο μαχαίρι. Η Παρδάλα συνόδευσε τον λήσταρχο έως το άδοξο τέλος της ζωής του, την Κυριακή 20 Σεπτεμβρίου 1925, στην Κλεφτόβρυση Ολύμπου. Εκεί σκοτώθηκε σε συμπλοκή με σώμα της Χωροφυλακής.

Μάλιστα, σχετικά με τα όσα ακολούθησαν τον θάνατο του λήσταρχου, διασώζεται η εξής μαρτυρία:

«Ύστερα από το τέλος των τριών λήσταρχων, ένας κτηνοτρόφος, ονόματι Καλαϊτζής, παρακάλεσε το μοίραρχο Πετράκη να αναλάβει το μακάβριο έργο να κόψει αυτός το κεφάλι του Φώτη Γιαγκούλα, και μάλιστα με το ίδιο μαχαίρι με το οποίο, όταν ο λήσταρχος ήταν εν ζωή, κατά τα λεγόμενα του Καλαϊτζή, τον είχε απειλήσει τέσσερις φορές να τον σφάξει. Ο μοίραρχος το αποδέχθηκε, “διότι κανείς άλλος δεν ήθελε να κάνει το έργον του χειρούργου“. Και ο κτηνοτρόφος “όρμησε κατά του άψυχου Γιαγκούλα και τον ήρπασεν από τα μαλλιά. Έσυρε στο κατόπιν το μαχαίρι του ίδιου του λήσταρχου (ένα μικρό ευτελέστατον που κόβουν το ψωμί) και μετ’ ολίγον εχώριζε την κεφαλήν από το σώμα κρατήσας το μαχαίρι ως ενθύμιον αφού του το προσέφερεν ο κ. Πετράκης”».

Όχι πολύ αργότερα, η Παρδάλα, όπως και το κεφάλι του Φώτη Γιαγκούλα θα προστεθούν στη συλλογή του Εγκληματολογικού Μουσείου, συνιστώντας μερικά από τα πλέον μοναδικά και σημαντικής αξίας εκθέματά του, καθώς το συγκεκριμένο μαχαίρι-φονικό όπλο διαθέτει εξέχουσα σημασία, αφού ακόμη και σήμερα περιβάλλεται από ένα πέπλο μυστηρίου. Επιπλέον, διαθέτει και μοναδική ιστορική σημασία, συνδεόμενο άμεσα όχι μόνον με τη δράση και τον θάνατο ενός διάσημου εγκληματία, αλλά και επειδή αντικατοπτρίζει με ενάργεια τον ιστορικό περίγυρο της Ελλάδας του 19ου αιώνα.

http://criminology-museum.uoa.gr/?q=el/node/23







O Φώτης Γιαγκούλας ήταν θρυλικός λήσταρχος από το χωριό Μεταξάς Σερβιών.

Κατηγορήθηκε για φόνους και ληστείες και αποδείχθηκε αμφιλεγόμενη προσωπικότητα. Ο Γιαγκούλας δρούσε στον μισό Όλυμπο και στα Πιέρια, την Ελασσόνα και την Κοζάνη, ενώ υπήρξε φίλος και με τον άλλο μεγάλο λήσταρχο, Τζατζά. Σε μικρό χρονικό διάστημα η συμμορία του κατάφερε να γίνει ο φόβος και ο τρόμος του Ολύμπου, τρομοκρατώντας τους ορειβάτες.

Σκοτώθηκε στις 20 Σεπτεμβρίου 1925 σε συμπλοκή που κράτησε 8 ώρες με χωροφύλακες στην περιοχή Κλεφτόβρυση του Ολύμπου. Μαζί του σκοτώθηκε και ο εκλεκτός συνεργάτης του, Πάνος Μπαμπάνης. Επίσης, σκοτώθηκε ο λήσταρχος Τσαμήτρας και ο χωροφύλακας Κωνσταντίνος Σαλιώρας. Τα κεφάλια των ληστών εκτέθηκαν σε κοινή θέα στην Κατερίνη, επάνω σε ένα κοντάρι μπροστά στο κτήριο του δικαστηρίου για να φοβίσουν έτσι τον κόσμο. Σήμερα το κεφάλι του Γιαγκούλα, μαζί με το θρυλικό μαχαίρι του, την «Παρδάλα» (με το οποίο εκτιμάται ότι δολοφόνησε 54 ανθρώπους) εκτίθενται στο Εγκληματολογικό Μουσείο.

[...]

http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82

[Karaμazoβ]

Ο ιμπεριαλισμός αποτελεί πολιτική επέκτασης του ελέγχου ή της εξουσίας που ασκείται σε ξένες οντότητες ως μέσο απόκτησης και/ή διατήρησης μιας αυτοκρατορίας. Αυτό συμβαίνει είτε μέσω άμεσης εδαφικής κατάκτησης ή εποικισμού είτε διαμέσου έμμεσων μεθόδων άσκησης ελέγχου στα πολιτικά και/ή τα οικονομικά πράγματα άλλων κρατών. Ο όρος αυτός χρησιμοποιείται συχνά για να περιγράψει την πολιτική επικυριαρχίας ενός έθνους σε άλλες χώρες, ανεξάρτητα από το αν το έθνος θεωρεί τον εαυτό του μέρος της αυτοκρατορίας. Η «Εποχή του Ιμπεριαλισμού» συνήθως αναφέρεται στην περίοδο του Νέου Ιμπεριαλισμού που άρχισε το 1860, όταν κυρίαρχα ευρωπαϊκά κράτη ξεκίνησαν τον αποικισμό άλλων ηπείρων.

Ετυμολογικά, όρος ιμπεριαλισμός προέρχεται από τη λατινική λέξη imperium (αυτοκρατορία) και αρχικά αποτέλεσε νεολογισμό στη γαλλική γλώσσα (impérialisme) κατά τα τέλη του 1800 για να περιγράψει την πολιτική κάποιων κρατών, όπως οι επεκτάσεις της Βρετανίας και της Γαλλίας στην Αφρική και την Αμερική.

Στο έργο του Ιμπεριαλισμός, το Ανώτατο Στάδιο του Καπιταλισμού ο Λένιν υποστήριξε ότι ο καπιταλισμός στις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα πέρασε σε ένα νέο στάδιο, τον ιμπεριαλισμό, αποσκοπώντας στην εύρεση νέων αγορών και πόρων. Η θεωρία της μετάβασης του καπιταλισμού στο νέο στάδιο, τον ιμπεριαλιστικό καπιταλισμό υποστηρίχτηκε επίσης από την Ρόζα Λούξεμπουργκ. Το βασικό χαρακτηριστικό του ιμπεριαλισμού σε σχέση με την προηγούμενη ποιότητα του καπιταλισμού είναι κατά τον Λένιν "το πέρασμα από την κατάκτηση των εδαφών στο μοίρασμα και ξαναμοίρασμα των αγορών ανάμεσα στα ιμπεριαλιστικά κέντρα. Να σημειωθεί δε, πως μοίρασμα των αγορών σημαίνει και εξαγωγή των καπιταλιστικών κοινωνικών σχέσεων στις αποικίες".

Έκτοτε, ο όρος αυτός έχει επεκταθεί από τους Μαρξιστές διανοούμενους ώστε να αποτελεί συνώνυμο της καπιταλιστικής διεθνούς αγοράς και του τραπεζικού συστήματος.

Τέλος στην σημερινή εποχή, υποστηρίζεται από αρκετούς μαρξιστές διανοούμενους αλλά και από δυνάμεις του κομμουνιστικού κινήματος, η αντίληψη πως από τις αρχές της δεκαετίας του '70 και ως απάντηση στην μακροχρόνια κρίση του, ο καπιταλισμός συνεχίζει να εξελίσσεται μεταβαίνοντας σε ένα νέο στάδιο ανάπτυξης και κρίσης του, τον ονομαζόμενο "ολοκληρωτικό καπιταλισμό".



http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82

[Karaμazoβ]

Aldebaran  (α Tau, α Tauri, Alpha Tauri) is an orange giant star located about 65 light years away in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. With an average apparent magnitude of 0.87 it is the brightest star in the constellation and is one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. The name Aldebaran is Arabic (الدبران al-dabarān) and translates literally as "the follower", presumably because this bright star appears to follow the Pleiades, or "Seven Sisters" star cluster in the night sky.

In 1997 a substellar companion was reported but subsequent observations have not confirmed this claim.


[...]


Visibility

Aldebaran is one of the easiest stars to find in the night sky, partly due to its brightness and partly due to its spatial relation to one of the more noticeable asterisms in the sky. If one follows the three stars of Orion's belt from left to right (in the Northern Hemisphere) or right to left (in the Southern), the first bright star found by continuing that line is Aldebaran.

Since the star is located (by chance) in the line of sight between the Earth and the Hyades, it has the appearance of being the brightest member of the more scattered Hyades open star cluster that makes up the bull's-head-shaped asterism; however, the star cluster is actually more than twice as far away, at about 150 light years.

Aldebaran is close enough to the ecliptic to be occulted by the Moon. Such occultations occur when the Moon's ascending node is near the autumnal equinox. This event will next occur around 2015. A reasonably accurate estimate for the diameter of Aldebaran was obtained during the September 22, 1978 occultation.Aldebaran is in conjunction with the Sun around June 1 of each year.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran

[Groucho]

Aldebaran  (α Tau, α Tauri, Alpha Tauri) is an orange giant star located about 65 light years away in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. With an average apparent magnitude of 0.87 it is the brightest star in the constellation and is one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. The name Aldebaran is Arabic (الدبران al-dabarān) and translates literally as "the follower", presumably because this bright star appears to follow the Pleiades, or "Seven Sisters" star cluster in the night sky.

In 1997 a substellar companion was reported but subsequent observations have not confirmed this claim.


[...]


Visibility

Aldebaran is one of the easiest stars to find in the night sky, partly due to its brightness and partly due to its spatial relation to one of the more noticeable asterisms in the sky. If one follows the three stars of Orion's belt from left to right (in the Northern Hemisphere) or right to left (in the Southern), the first bright star found by continuing that line is Aldebaran.

Since the star is located (by chance) in the line of sight between the Earth and the Hyades, it has the appearance of being the brightest member of the more scattered Hyades open star cluster that makes up the bull's-head-shaped asterism; however, the star cluster is actually more than twice as far away, at about 150 light years.

Aldebaran is close enough to the ecliptic to be occulted by the Moon. Such occultations occur when the Moon's ascending node is near the autumnal equinox. This event will next occur around 2015. A reasonably accurate estimate for the diameter of Aldebaran was obtained during the September 22, 1978 occultation.Aldebaran is in conjunction with the Sun around June 1 of each year.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran

Επίσης είναι μπαρ κάπου κοντά στο μέγαρο 

[Αλντεμπαράν]

Aldebaran  (α Tau, α Tauri, Alpha Tauri) is an orange giant star located about 65 light years away in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. With an average apparent magnitude of 0.87 it is the brightest star in the constellation and is one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. The name Aldebaran is Arabic (الدبران al-dabarān) and translates literally as "the follower", presumably because this bright star appears to follow the Pleiades, or "Seven Sisters" star cluster in the night sky.

In 1997 a substellar companion was reported but subsequent observations have not confirmed this claim.


[...]


Visibility

Aldebaran is one of the easiest stars to find in the night sky, partly due to its brightness and partly due to its spatial relation to one of the more noticeable asterisms in the sky. If one follows the three stars of Orion's belt from left to right (in the Northern Hemisphere) or right to left (in the Southern), the first bright star found by continuing that line is Aldebaran.

Since the star is located (by chance) in the line of sight between the Earth and the Hyades, it has the appearance of being the brightest member of the more scattered Hyades open star cluster that makes up the bull's-head-shaped asterism; however, the star cluster is actually more than twice as far away, at about 150 light years.

Aldebaran is close enough to the ecliptic to be occulted by the Moon. Such occultations occur when the Moon's ascending node is near the autumnal equinox. This event will next occur around 2015. A reasonably accurate estimate for the diameter of Aldebaran was obtained during the September 22, 1978 occultation.Aldebaran is in conjunction with the Sun around June 1 of each year.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran

Επίσης είναι μπαρ κάπου κοντά στο μέγαρο 

επίσης είναι το όνομα του ανέμου Σαμάλ μετά τον Ιούνιο ο οποίος είναι γνωστός για τις αμμοθύελλες που σηκώνει στην έρημο

[Mephistopheles]

Propositional calculus

In mathematical logic, a propositional calculus or logic (also called sentential calculus or sentential logic) is a formal system in which formulas of a formal language may be interpreted to represent propositions. A system of inference rules and axioms allows certain formulas to be derived. These derived formulas are called theorems and may be interpreted to be true propositions. Such a constructed sequence of formulas is known as a derivation or proof and the last formula of the sequence is the theorem. The derivation may be interpreted as proof of the proposition represented by the theorem.

Usually in Truth-functional propositional logic, formulas are interpreted as having either a truth value of true or a truth value of false.Truth-functional propositional logic and systems isomorphic to it, are considered to be zeroth-order logic.
Although propositional logic (which is interchangeable with propositional calculus) had been hinted by earlier philosophers, it was developed into a formal logic by Chrysippus and expanded by the Stoics. The logic was focused on propositions. This advancement was different from the traditional syllogistic logic which was focused on terms. However, later in antiquity, the propositional logic developed by the Stoics was no longer understood. Consequently, the system was essentially reinvented by Peter Abelard.
Propositional logic was eventually refined using symbolic logic. Gottfried Leibniz has been credited with being the founder of symbolic logic for his work with the calculus ratiocinator. Although his work was the first of its kind, it was unknown to the larger logical community. Consequently, many of the advances achieved by Leibniz were reachieved by logicians like George Boole and Augustus De Morgan completely independent of Leibniz.
Just as propositional logic can be considered an advancement from the earlier syllogistic logic, Gottlob Frege's predicate logic was an advancement from the earlier propositional logic. Predicate logic has been described to be combining "the distinctive features of syllogistic logic and propositional logic." Consequently, it ushered a new era in the history of logic. However, advances in propositional logic were still made after Frege. These include Natural Deduction, Truth-Trees and Truth-Tables. Natural deduction was invented by Gerhard Gentzen and Jan Łukasiewicz. Truth-Trees were invented by Evert Willem Beth. The invention of truth-tables, however, is of controversial attribution.
The ideas preceding truth tables have been found in both Frege and Bertrand Russell whereas the actual 'tabular structure' (i.e. being formed in a table format) is generally credited to either Ludwig Wittgenstein, Emil Post or both (independently of one another). Besides Frege and Russell, others credited for having preceding ideas of truth-tables include Philo, Boole, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Ernst Schröder. And besides Post and Wittgenstein, others credited with the tabular structure include Łukasiewicz, Schröder, Alfred North Whitehead, William Stanley Jevons, John Venn, and Clarence Irving Lewis. Ultimately, some, like John Shosky, have concluded "It is far from clear that any one person should be given the title of 'inventor' of truth-tables.".

In general terms, a calculus is a formal system that consists of a set of syntactic expressions, a distinguished subset of these expressions (axioms), plus a set of formal rules that define a specific binary relation, intended to be interpreted to be logical equivalence, on the space of expressions.
When the formal system is intended to be a logical system, the expressions are meant to be interpreted to be statements, and the rules, known to be inference rules, are typically intended to be truth-preserving. In this setting, the rules (which may include axioms) can then be used to derive ("infer") formulæ representing true statements from given formulæ representing true statements.
The set of axioms may be empty, a nonempty finite set, a countably infinite set, or be given by axiom schemata. A formal grammar recursively defines the expressions and well-formed formulæ (wffs) of the language. In addition a semantics may be given which defines truth and valuations (or interpretations).
The language of a propositional calculus consists of a set of primitive symbols, variously referred to be atomic formulae, placeholders, proposition letters, or variables, and a set of operator symbols, variously interpreted to be logical operators or logical connectives.
A well-formed formula (wff) is any atomic formula, or any formula that can be built up from atomic formulæ by means of operator symbols according to the rules of the grammar.
Mathematicians sometimes distinguish between propositional constants, propositional variables, and schemata. Propositional constants represent some particular proposition, while propositional variables range over the set of all atomic propositions. Schemata, however, range over all propositions. It is common to represent propositional constants by A, B, and C, propositional variables by P, Q, and R, and schematic letters are often Greek letters.

Other logical calculi

Propositional calculus is about the simplest kind of logical calculus in current use. It can be extended in several ways. (Aristotelian "syllogistic" calculus, which is largely supplanted in modern logic, is in some ways simpler – but in other ways more complex – than propositional calculus.) The most immediate way to develop a more complex logical calculus is to introduce rules that are sensitive to more fine-grained details of the sentences being used.
First-order logic (aka first-order predicate logic) results when the "atomic sentences" of propositional logic are broken up into terms, variables, predicates, and quantifiers, all keeping the rules of propositional logic with some new ones introduced. (For example, from "All dogs are mammals" we may infer "If Rover is a dog then Rover is a mammal".) With the tools of first-order logic it is possible to formulate a number of theories, either with explicit axioms or by rules of inference, that can themselves be treated as logical calculi. Arithmetic is the best known of these; others include set theory and mereology. Second-order logic and other higher-order logics are formal extensions of first-order logic. Thus, it makes sense to refer to propositional logic as "zeroth-order logic", when comparing it with these logics.
Modal logic also offers a variety of inferences that cannot be captured in propositional calculus. For example, from "Necessarily p" we may infer that p. From p we may infer "It is possible that p". The translation between modal logics and algebraic logics concerns classical and intuitionistic logics but with the introduction of a unary operator on Boolean or Heyting algebras, different from the Boolean operations, interpreting the possibility modality, and in the case of Heyting algebra a second operator interpreting necessity (for Boolean algebra this is redundant since necessity is the De Morgan dual of possibility). The first operator preserves 0 and disjunction while the second preserves 1 and conjunction.
Many-valued logics are those allowing sentences to have values other than true and false. (For example, neither and both are standard "extra values"; "continuum logic" allows each sentence to have any of an infinite number of "degrees of truth" between true and false.) These logics often require calculational devices quite distinct from propositional calculus. When the values form a Boolean algebra (which may have more than two or even infinitely many values), many-valued logic reduces to classical logic; many-valued logics are therefore only of independent interest when the values form an algebra that is not Boolean.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus

[Jim D. Ace]

Graham's number

Graham's number, named after Ronald Graham, is a large number that is an upper bound on the solution to a problem in Ramsey theory.
...
Graham's number is unimaginably larger than other well-known large numbers such as a googol, googolplex, and even larger than Skewes' number and Moser's number. Indeed, like the last three of those numbers, the observable universe is far too small to contain an ordinary digital representation of Graham's number, assuming that each digit occupies one Planck volume. Even power towers of the form a^(b^(c^d)... etc are beyond useless for this purpose, although it can be easily described by recursive formulas using Knuth's up-arrow notation or equivalent, as was done by Graham. The last ten digits of Graham's number are ...2464195387.

Specific integers known to be far larger than Graham's number have since appeared in many serious mathematical proofs (e.g., in connection with Friedman's various finite forms of Kruskal's theorem)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%27s_number

εδω υπαρχει και ενα βιντεακι απο το καναλι Numberphile στο youtube που το εξηγει αρκετα καλα

επισης καποιοι αλλοι μεγαλοι γνωστοι αριθμοι
http://io9.com/5807256/whats-the-biggest-number-in-the-universe

[Karaμazoβ]

Russophobia or Anti-Russian sentiment refers to a diverse spectrum of negative prejudices, dislikes or fears of Russia, Russians, or Russian culture. The opposite sentiment—Russophilia—is also known.

There exists a wide variety of mass culture clichés about Russia and Russians. Many of these stereotypes were developed during the Cold War, and were used as elements of political war against the Soviet Union. Some of these prejudices are still observed in the discussions of the relations with Russia.

Negative representation of Russia and Russians in modern public discourse is also often described as functional, as stereotypes about Russia may be used for framing reality, like creating an image of an enemy, or an excuse, or an explanation, for compensatory reasons, etc. Decades after the end of the Cold War, Russians are still portrayed as "Hollywood's go-to villains".

History

On 19 October 1797 the French Directory received a document from a Polish general, Michał Sokolnicki, entitled "Aperçu sur la Russie". This became known as the so-called "Testament of Peter the Great" and was first published in October 1812, during the Napoleonic wars, in Charles Louis-Lesur's much-read Des progrès de la puissance russe: this was at the behest of Napoleon I, who ordered a series of articles to be published showing that "Europe is inevitably in the process of becoming booty for Russia". Subsequent to the Napoleonic wars, propaganda against Russia was continued by Napoleon's former confessor, Dominique Georges-Frédéric de Pradt, who in a series of books portrayed Russia as "despotic" and "Asiatic" power hungry to conquer Europe.

In 1843 the Marquis de Custine published his hugely successful 1800-page, four volume travelogue La Russie en 1839. Custine's scathing narrative reran what were by now clichés which presented Russia as a place where "the veneer of European civilization was too thin to be credible". Such was its huge success that several official and pirated editions quickly followed, as well as condensed versions and translations in German, Dutch and English. By 1846 approximately 200 thousand copies had been sold.

The Prometheism political strategy conceived by Polish chief of state Józef Piłsudski sought to weaken the threat of Tsarist Russia and later the Soviet Union by facilitating its breakup into its constituent parts.

The influential British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote controversially on Russia, that the oppression in Russia, rooted in the Red Revolution, perhaps was "the fruit of some beastliness in the Russian nature”, also attributing "cruelty and stupidity" to tyranny in both the "Old Russia" (tsarist) and "New Russia" (Soviet).

In the 1930s and 1940s, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party viewed the Soviet Union as populated by Slavs, ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters.

    "Need, hunger, lack of comfort have been the Russians' lot for centuries. No false compassion, as their stomachs are perfectly extendible. Don't try to impose the German standards and to change their style of life. Their only wish is to be ruled by the Germans. <...> Help yourselves, and may God help you!" ("12 precepts for the German officer in the East", 1941)

Modern Russophobia peaked during the Cold War, driven by Western fears of the Soviet role in communism's mission to take over the "Free World". The Sino-Soviet split saw more of a stand against Soviet communism rather than communism in general.

Post-Soviet distrust of Russia and Russians is attributable to backlash against the historical memory of Russification pursued by Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, and backlash against modern policies of the Russian government.

Vlad Sobell believes current "Russophobic sentiment" in the West reflects the West's failure to adapt and change its historical attitude towards Russia, even as Russia has (in his view) abandoned past ideology for pragmatism, successfully driving its economic revival. With the West victorious over totalitarianism, Russia serves to perpetuate the role of a needed adversary owing to its "unashamed continuity with the communist Soviet Union."

[...]


View of Russia in Western media

Some Russian and Western commentators express concern about a far too negative coverage of Russia in Western media (some Russians even describe this as a "war of information"). In April 2007, David Johnson, founder of the Johnson's Russia List, said in interview to the Moscow News: "I am sympathetic to the view that these days Putin and Russia are perhaps getting too dark a portrayal in most Western media. Or at least that critical views need to be supplemented with other kinds of information and analysis. An openness to different views is still warranted."

In 1995, years before Vladimir Putin was elected to his first term, the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press reported: "coverage of Russia and its president, Boris Yeltsin, was decidedly negative, even though national polls continue to find the public feeling positive toward Russia and largely uncritical of Yeltsin."

In February 2007, the Russian creativity agency E-generator put together a "rating of Russophobia" of Western media, using for the research articles concerning a single theme — Russia's chairmanship of G8, translated into Russian by InoSmi.Ru. The score was composed for each edition, negative values granted for negative assessments of Russia, and positive values representing positive ones. The top in the rating were Newsday (-43, U.S.), The Financial Times (-34, Great Britain), The Wall Street Journal (-34, U.S.), Le Monde (-30, France), while editions on the opposite side of the rating were Toronto Star (+27, Canada) and The Conservative Voice (+26, U.S.)

Dr. Vlad Sobell claimed that an example of the anti-Russian bias in the West was that in his opinion President Putin was widely assumed to be guilty of the murder of Alexander Litvinenko, without any evidence being considered as necessary. The only proof the Western press needed for Putin's guilt was, that the victim said so himself on his deathbed.

California-based international relations scholar Andrei Tsygankov has remarked that anti-Russian political rhetoric coming from Washington circles has received wide echo in American mainstream media, asserting that "Russophobia's revival is indicative of the fear shared by some U.S. and European politicians that their grand plans to control the world's most precious resources and geostrategic sites may not succeed if Russia's economic and political recovery continues."


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russophobia


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Επίσης, απο το Leninreloaded:


Δευτέρα, 20 Ιανουαρίου 2014
Ιμπεριαλιστικό άγχος

http://leninreloaded.blogspot.gr/2014/01/blog-post_20.html




...όπου αναλύεται πως η παρακμή των ΗΠΑ και η ταυτόχρονη ισχυροποίηση μιας αλλης καπιταλιστικής χωρας, της Ρωσίας. προκαλεί δέος και φόβο στους αμερικανούς, το  οποιο αποτυπώνεται στις αμερικανικές ταινίες/σειρές.

[Grecs]

http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Fucc%20Boi

[Nerevar]

Xibalba

Xibalba /ʃɨˈbɒlbə/, roughly translated as "place of fear",[1] is the name of the underworld in K'iche' Maya mythology, ruled by the Maya death gods and their helpers. In 16th-century Verapaz, the entrance to Xibalba was traditionally held to be a cave in the vicinity of Cobán, Guatemala. According to some of the K'iche' Maya presently living in the vicinity, the area is still associated with death. Cave systems in nearby Belize have also been referred to as the entrance to Xibalba.[2]

Another physical incarnation of the road to Xibalba as viewed by the K'iche' is the dark rift which is visible in the Milky Way.[3]

Xibalba is described in the Popol Vuh as a court below the surface of the Earth associated with death and with twelve gods or powerful rulers known as the Lords of Xibalba. The first among the Maya Death Gods ruling Xibalba were Hun-Came (One Death) and Vucub-Came (Seven Death), though Hun-Came is the senior of the two.[4][5] The remaining ten Lords are often referred to as demons and are given commission and domain over various forms of human suffering: to cause sickness, starvation, fear, destitution, pain, and ultimately death.[1] These Lords all work in pairs and are Xiquiripat (Flying Scab) and Cuchumaquic (Gathered Blood), who sicken people's blood; Ahalpuh (Pus Demon) and Ahalgana (Jaundice Demon), who cause people's bodies to swell up; Chamiabac (Bone Staff) and Chamiaholom (Skull Staff), who turn dead bodies into skeletons; Ahalmez (Sweepings Demon) and Ahaltocob (Stabbing Demon), who hide in the unswept areas of people's houses and stabbed them to death; and Xic (Wing) and Patan (Packstrap), who caused people to die coughing up blood while out walking on a road.[4][5] The remaining residents of Xibalba are thought to have fallen under the dominion of one of these Lords, going about the face of the Earth to carry out their listed duties.

Xibalba was a large place and a number of individual structures or locations within Xibalba are described or mentioned in the Popol Vuh. Chief among these was the council place of the Lords, the five or six houses that served as the first tests of Xibalba, and the Xibalban ballcourt.[6] Also mentioned are the homes of the Lords, gardens, and other structures indicating that Xibalba was at least a great city.

Xibalba seemed to be rife with tests, trials, and traps for anyone who came into the city. Even the road to Xibalba was filled with obstacles: first a river filled with scorpions, a river filled with blood, and then a river filled with pus.[7] Beyond these was a crossroads where travellers had to choose from among four roads that spoke in an attempt to confuse and beguile. Upon passing these obstacles, one would come upon the Xibalba council place, where it was expected visitors would greet the seated Lords. Realistic mannequins were seated near the Lords to confuse and humiliate people who greeted them, and the confused would then be invited to sit upon a bench, which was actually a hot cooking surface. The Lords of Xibalba would entertain themselves by humiliating people in this fashion before sending them into one of Xibalba's deadly tests.

The city was home to at least six deadly houses filled with trials for visitors. The first was Dark House, a house that was completely dark inside. The second was Rattling House or Cold House, full of bone-chilling cold and rattling hail. The third was Jaguar House, filled with hungry jaguars. The fourth was Bat House, filled with dangerous shrieking bats, and the fifth was Razor House, filled with blades and razors that moved about of their own accord. In another part of the Popol Vuh, a sixth test, Hot House, filled with fires and heat, is identified. The purpose of these tests was to either kill or humiliate people placed into them if they could not outwit the test.[8]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xibalba

[Karaμazoβ]

άκουγες Rotting Christ?

[Nerevar]

άκουγες Rotting Christ?

Ε ναι.

[Maxwell]

http://www.translatum.gr/forum/index.php?topic=49793.0

[Karaμazoβ]

A Black Mass is a ritual characterized by the inversion of the Mass as celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church. The history of such rituals is unclear before the modern era. The Black Mass was allegedly celebrated during the Witches' Sabbath.



The clarity of the celebration of the Black Mass in medieval times is imprecise; some sources referring to Black Masses during the medieval period appear to be lurid manuals that seem to have been written for witch-hunters in Latin, such as the Malleus Maleficarum (1486) and the Compendium Maleficarum (1608). There are arguments claiming that the Black Mass served solely as a shock method in order to accuse enemies for several reasons, but there also remain various sources claiming that it was practiced throughout Western history and currently in the modern era for the sole purpose of Satanic worship and sacrifice in ridicule of Christianity.

[...]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mass