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[Karaμazoβ]

In the United States in the 19th century, manifest destiny was the widely held belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent. This concept, born out of "A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven".The phrase itself meant many different things to many different people, and was rejected by many people. Howe argues that, "Nevertheless American imperialism did not represent an American consensus; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity."That is, most Democrats strongly supported manifest destiny and most Whigs strongly opposed it.

Manifest destiny provided the rhetorical tone for the largest acquisition of U.S. territory. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico and it was also used to divide half of Oregon with Great Britain.

[...]

The legacy is a complex one. The belief in an American mission to promote and defend democracy throughout the world, as expounded by Thomas Jefferson and his "Empire of Liberty", and by Abraham Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush, continues to have an influence on American political ideology.




[...]

Later usage

After the turn of the nineteenth century to the twentieth, the phrase manifest destiny declined in usage, as territorial expansion ceased to be promoted as being a part of America's "destiny". Under President Theodore Roosevelt the role of the United States in the New World was defined, in the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, as being an "international police power" to secure American interests in the Western Hemisphere. Roosevelt's corollary contained an explicit rejection of territorial expansion. In the past, manifest destiny had been seen as necessary to enforce the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere, but now expansionism had been replaced by interventionism as a means of upholding the doctrine.

President Woodrow Wilson continued the policy of interventionism in the Americas, and attempted to redefine both manifest destiny and America's "mission" on a broader, worldwide scale. Wilson led the United States into World War I with the argument that "The world must be made safe for democracy." In his 1920 message to Congress after the war, Wilson stated:

    ...I think we all realize that the day has come when Democracy is being put upon its final test. The Old World is just now suffering from a wanton rejection of the principle of democracy and a substitution of the principle of autocracy as asserted in the name, but without the authority and sanction, of the multitude. This is the time of all others when Democracy should prove its purity and its spiritual power to prevail. It is surely the manifest destiny of the United States to lead in the attempt to make this spirit prevail.

This was the only time a president had used the phrase "manifest destiny" in his annual address. Wilson's version of manifest destiny was a rejection of expansionism and an endorsement (in principle) of self-determination, emphasizing that the United States had a mission to be a world leader for the cause of democracy. This U.S. vision of itself as the leader of the "Free World" would grow stronger in the 20th century after World War II, although rarely would it be described as "manifest destiny", as Wilson had done.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny

[Eru lluvatar]

Matlab Upazila

Not to be confused with MATLAB, the popular mathematical software.

Matlab (Bengali: মতলব) is an Upazila of Chandpur District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Geography
Matlab is located at 23.3500°N 90.7083°E . It has 76,266 registered housing units and a total land area 409.22 km².

Demographics
As of 1991 Bangladesh census, Matlab had a population of 445,607. Males constitute 49.31% of the population, females 50.69%. Matlab has an average literacy rate of 36.1% (7+ years), the national average being 32.4%.[1]

Administration
Chairman : M A Shukkur Patwary
Woman Vice Chairman : Lok-khi Raani Daash (independent)
Vice Chairman : Shafiqul Islam Shagor
Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO) : Hashan Mahmud [1]

Administrative
Matlab has 22 Unions/Wards, 244 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 407 villages.
Member of ninth Jatiyo Sangshad [edit]
Chadpur-2 (Matlab Upazila) Seat 261: Air Vice Marshal (Rtd.) Mohammed Rafiqul Islam [from Awami League], former Chief of Staff of Bangladesh Air Force (2001-2002) [2]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlab_Upazila

[Mathematica]

http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/05/scientists-just-found-a-wooly-mammoth-that-still-had-liquid-blood/

Russian researchers headed by well-known mammoth-hunter Semyon Grigoriev have just found something amazing in the ice on one of Siberia’s Lyakhovsky Islands—a frozen wooly mammoth that still had liquid blood.

[Karaμazoβ]

http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/05/scientists-just-found-a-wooly-mammoth-that-still-had-liquid-blood/

Russian researchers headed by well-known mammoth-hunter Semyon Grigoriev have just found something amazing in the ice on one of Siberia’s Lyakhovsky Islands—a frozen wooly mammoth that still had liquid blood.

παρακαλάει για κλωνοποίηση!







Recreating the species

The existence of preserved soft tissue remains and DNA of woolly mammoths has led to the idea that the species could be recreated by scientific means. Two methods have been proposed to achieve this. The first is cloning, which would involve removal of the DNA-containing nucleus of the egg cell of a female elephant, and replacement with a nucleus from woolly mammoth tissue. The cell would then be stimulated into dividing, and inserted back into a female elephant. The resulting calf would have the genes of the woolly mammoth, although its fetal environment would be different. To date, even the most intact mammoths have had little usable DNA because of their conditions of preservation. There is not enough to guide the production of an embryo.

The second method involves artificially inseminating an elephant egg cell with sperm cells from a frozen woolly mammoth carcass. The resulting offspring would be an elephant–mammoth hybrid, and the process would have to be repeated so more hybrids could be used in breeding. After several generations of cross-breeding these hybrids, an almost pure woolly mammoth would be produced. The fact that sperm cells of modern mammals are potent for 15 years at most after deep-freezing is a hindrance to this method.In one case, an Asian elephant and an African elephant produced a live calf named Motty, but it died of defects at less than two weeks old.

In 2008, a Japanese team found usable DNA in the brains of mice that had been frozen for 16 years. They hope to use similar methods to find usable mammoth DNA. In 2011, Japanese scientists announced plans to clone mammoths within six years. In 2009, the Pyrenean Ibex (a subspecies of the Spanish ibex) was the first extinct animal to be cloned back to life; the clone lived for only seven minutes before dying of lung defects.As the woolly mammoth genome has been mapped, a complete strand of DNA may be synthesised in the future.  Mammoth expert Adrian Lister questions the ethics of such recreation attempts. In addition to the technical problems, he notes that there is not much habitat left that would be suitable for woolly mammoths. Because the species was social and gregarious, creating a few specimens would not be ideal. He also notes that the time and resources required would be enormous, and that the scientific benefits would be unclear; these resources should instead be used to preserve extant elephant species which are endangered.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_mammoth#Recreating_the_species

[Mathematica]

my thoughts exactly

[Karaμazoβ]

Ποια είναι η διαφορά του Κεφίρ από το Αριάνι;

    Το Αριάνι είναι ένα παραδοσιακό γαλακτοκομικό ρόφημα που παρασκευάζεται από φρέσκο γάλα αγελάδας και καλλιέργεια γιαούρτης. Έχει δροσερή, ευχάριστα υπόξινη γεύση η οποία υποδηλώνει τη στενή του συγγένεια με το γιαούρτι. Είναι εύπεπτο, πολύ υγιεινό, πλούσιο σε βιταμίνες και ευεργετικό για το πεπτικό σύστημα.

    Το Κεφίρ παρασκευάζεται από φρέσκο γάλα αγελάδας και ειδική καλλιέργεια κεφίρ. Είναι ένα παραδοσιακό προβιοτικό γαλακτοκομικό προϊόν που χρησιμοποιείται εδώ και αιώνες στον Καύκασο και έχει συνδεθεί με την εκπληκτική μακροζωία των φυλών που ζουν εκεί. Η γεύση του είναι πλούσια και λιγότερο υπόξινη σε σχέση με το Αριάνι. Το κεφίρ απολαμβάνουν από καιρό όσοι ακολουθούν υγιεινή διατροφή. Οι πλήρεις πρωτεϊνες του κεφίρ, αφομοιώνονται καλύτερα από το γιαούρτι και χρησιμοποιούνται ευκολότερα στο σώμα. Τα αμινοξέα του είναι γνωστά για τη χαλάρωση του νευρικού συστήματος. Παράλληλα, ενισχύει την πέψη και προωθεί την ομαλή λειτουργία των εντέρων, δημιουργώντας ένα υγιές πεπτικό σύστημα απαλλαγμένο από τη δυσκοιλιότητα.


http://www.koukfarm.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=17#

[princess_of_the_dawn]

τώρα που το λες,καιρό έχω να πιώ ξινόγαλο  

[teslaaaa]

    Το Κεφίρ

το κεφίρ είναι μια αηδία..να το βλέπεις στο βάζο να επιπλέει σαν μύκητας και άμα κάνεις ησυχία το ακούς να κάνει θόρυβο κιόλας

[Karaμazoβ]

    Το Κεφίρ

το κεφίρ είναι μια αηδία..να το βλέπεις στο βάζο να επιπλέει σαν μύκητας και άμα κάνεις ησυχία το ακούς να κάνει θόρυβο κιόλας

   







O Ατατούρκ χτυπάει ενα αριάνι για να δροσιστεί:

[Exomag]

Hangover



Possible remedies


Hangovers are poorly understood from a medical point of view. Health care professionals prefer to study alcohol abuse from a standpoint of treatment and prevention, and there is a view that the hangover provides a useful, natural and intrinsic disincentive to excessive drinking.

Within the limited amount of serious study on the subject, there is debate about whether a hangover may be prevented or at least mitigated; additionally, there is a vast body of folk medicine and simple quackery. There is currently no empirically proven mechanism for prevention except reducing the amount of ethanol consumed, or for making oneself sober other than waiting for the body to metabolize ingested alcohol, which occurs via oxidation through the liver before alcohol leaves the body. A four-page literature review in the British Medical Journal concludes: "No compelling evidence exists to suggest that any conventional or complementary intervention is effective for preventing or treating alcohol hangover. The most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol induced hangover is to avoid drinking."

Potentially beneficial remedies

• Rehydration: "Effective interventions include rehydration, prostaglandin inhibitors, and vitamin B6".
• Tolfenamic acid (TA): A study concludes that "TA was found significantly better than placebo in the subjective evaluation of drug efficacy (p < 0.001) and in reducing the reported hangover symptoms in general (p < 0.01). In the TA group, significantly lower symptom scores were obtained for headache (p < 0.01), and for nausea, vomiting, irritation, tremor, thirst, and dryness of mouth (all p < 0.05)."
• Vitamin B6 (pyritinol): Some studies have found large doses of Vitamin B6 (several hundred times the recommended daily intake) can help to reduce hangovers. As it happens, brewers' yeast supplements are reasonably high in Vitamin B6.
• Chlormethiazole: "Chlormethiazole was found to lower blood pressure and adrenaline output and, furthermore, to relieve unpleasant physical symptoms, but did not affect fatigue and drowsiness. The cognitive test results were only slightly influenced by this agent, while psychomotor performance was significantly impaired. Subjects with severe subjective hangover seemed to benefit more from the chlormethiazole treatment than subjects with a mild hangover." "However, all 8 subjects had unpleasant nasal symptoms following chlormethiazole, and it is therefore not an ideal hypnotic for this age group."
• Opuntia ficus-indica: An extract of Opuntia ficus indica has been found to reduce the effects of hangover. "The severity of the alcohol hangover may be related to inflammation induced by impurities in the alcohol beverage and byproducts of alcohol metabolism. An extract of the Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) plant diminishes the inflammatory response to stressful stimuli."
• Pedialyte: Pedialyte may be an effective remedy for hangovers due to its replacement of lost electrolytes. Sports drinks, such as Gatorade, may also benefit in a similar manner.
• Hair of the dog: The belief that consumption of further alcohol after the onset of a hangover will relieve symptoms, based upon the theory that the hangover represents a form of withdrawal and that by satiating the body's need for alcohol the symptoms will be relieved. Certainly the additional alcohol has a sedating and anaesthetic effect. While the practice is affirmed by tradition and by many hospitality providers, medical opinion holds that the practice merely postpones the symptoms, and courts addiction. Favored choices include Fernet Branca and Bloody Mary.
• Yeast-based extracts: There is some evidence that the consumption of a yeast-based extract rich in thiamine and riboflavin (such as Vegemite or Marmite) is effective in the relief of hangover symptoms. These extracts are commonly manufactured from a by-product of beer production.
• Food and water: consumption of foods such as eggs, which contain cysteine, and water may be enough to replenish lost moisture and at least rehydrate the body, making a hangover shorter. Researchers has found that beef noodle soup "Yaka mein" commonly found in New Orleans work as an effective cure for hangovers. A traditional hangover remedy in India is coconut water, the natural electrolytes of which will assist in rehydration of the body. A bacon sandwich has also been claimed to effectively relieve hangovers,. 2M2B, another higher alcohol, occurs in fried bacon. Fruit juice has been reported to alleviate some of the symptoms.
• Oxygen: There have been anecdotal reports from those with easy access to a breathing oxygen supply – medical staff, SCUBA divers and military pilots — that oxygen can also reduce the symptoms of hangovers sometimes caused by alcohol consumption. The theory is that the increased oxygen flow resulting from oxygen therapy improves the metabolic rate, and thus increases the speed at which toxins are broken down. However, one source states that (in an aviation context) oxygen has no effect on physical impairment caused by hangover.
• Rosiglitazone: [Study in rats] "Rosiglitazone alleviated the symptoms of ethanol-induced hangover by inducing ALD2 expression..."
• Acetylcysteine: There are claims that N-acetylcysteine can relieve or prevent symptoms of hangover through scavenging of acetylaldehyde, particularly when taken concurrently with alcohol. Additional reduction in acetaldehyde toxicity can be achieved if NAC is taken in conjunction with vitamin B1 (thiamine).
• Acétyl-leucine: Sold under the brand name of Tanganil, this is the standard remedy prescribed to people suffering from chronic vertigo, and so may lessen the "whirling pit" effect of a hangover, where there is a dysfunction between the nerves which control the notion of balance in the ears and the brain.
• Marijuana: It is commonly believed that THC, the active chemical in marijuana, is an effective hangover remedy. THC may help ease the main symptoms of hangovers: nausea and headache. The advantage is two-fold; as once a sufferer's nausea has abated, and his appetite is stimulated, hypoglycemia becomes easier to resolve.

Ineffective or unproven remedies

Recommendations for foods, drinks and activities to relieve hangover symptoms abound. The ancient Romans, on the authority of Pliny the Elder, favored raw owl's eggs or fried canary, while the "Prairie Oyster" restorative, introduced at the 1878 Paris World Exposition, calls for raw egg yolk mixed with Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, salt and pepper.[43] By 1938, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel provided a hangover remedy in the form of a mixture of Coca-Cola and milk[43] (Coca-Cola itself having been invented, by some accounts, as a hangover remedy). Alcoholic writer Ernest Hemingway relied on tomato juice and beer. Certain mixtures were developed specifically for the purpose. The "Black Velvet" consists of equal parts champagne and flat Guinness Stout, A 1957 survey by a Wayne State University folklorist found widespread belief in the efficacy of heavy fried foods, tomato juice and sexual activity.

Activities said to be restorative include a shower—alternating very hot and very cold water, exercise, and steambath or sauna (although medical opinion holds this to be very dangerous, as the combination of alcohol and hyperthermia increases the likelihood of dangerous cardiac arrhythmias).

Other untested or discredited treatments include:

• Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) extract: "Our results suggest that artichoke extract is not effective in preventing the signs and symptoms of alcohol-induced hangover."
• Propranolol: "We conclude that propranolol does not prevent the symptoms of hangover."
• Fructose and glucose: A 1976 research came to the conclusion that "The results indicate that both fructose and glucose effectively inhibit the metabolic disturbances induced by ethanol but they do not affect the symptoms or signs of alcohol intoxication and hangover." Nevertheless, consumption of honey (a significant fructose and glucose source) is often suggested as a way to reduce the effect of hangovers.
• Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata): The main ingredient in remedies such as kakkonto. A study concluded, "The chronic usage of Pueraria lobata at times of high ethanol consumption, such as in hangover remedies, may predispose subjects to an increased risk of acetaldehyde-related neoplasm and pathology. ... Pueraria lobata appears to be an inappropriate herb for use in herbal hangover remedies as it is an inhibitor of ALDH2."

[Nerevar]

Hangover



Possible remedies

• Hair of the dog: The belief that consumption of further alcohol after the onset of a hangover will relieve symptoms, based upon the theory that the hangover represents a form of withdrawal and that by satiating the body's need for alcohol the symptoms will be relieved. Certainly the additional alcohol has a sedating and anaesthetic effect. While the practice is affirmed by tradition and by many hospitality providers, medical opinion holds that the practice merely postpones the symptoms, and courts addiction. Favored choices include Fernet Branca and Bloody Mary.
• Food and water: consumption of foods such as eggs, which contain cysteine, and water may be enough to replenish lost moisture and at least rehydrate the body, making a hangover shorter. Researchers has found that beef noodle soup "Yaka mein" commonly found in New Orleans work as an effective cure for hangovers. A traditional hangover remedy in India is coconut water, the natural electrolytes of which will assist in rehydration of the body. A bacon sandwich has also been claimed to effectively relieve hangovers,. 2M2B, another higher alcohol, occurs in fried bacon. Fruit juice has been reported to alleviate some of the symptoms.

Ineffective or unproven remedies

Recommendations for foods, drinks and activities to relieve hangover symptoms abound. The ancient Romans, on the authority of Pliny the Elder, favored raw owl's eggs or fried canary, while the "Prairie Oyster" restorative, introduced at the 1878 Paris World Exposition, calls for raw egg yolk mixed with Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, salt and pepper.

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxF7ypxSzUU" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxF7ypxSzUU</a>

@3:55,δουλευει μια χαρα.

[Karaμazoβ]

Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c. 1787 – c. 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka Zulu, was the most influential leader of the Zulu Kingdom.

He is widely credited with uniting many of the Northern Nguni people, specifically the Mtetwa Paramountcy and the Ndwandwe into the Zulu Kingdom, the beginnings of a nation that held sway over the portion of southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu Rivers, and his statesmanship and vigour marked him as one of the greatest Zulu kings. He has been called a military genius for his reforms and innovations, and condemned for the brutality of his reign. Other historians debate about Shaka's role as a uniter, versus a usurper of traditional Zulu ruling prerogatives, and the notion of the Zulu state as a unique construction, divorced from the localised culture and the previous systems built by his predecessor Dingiswayo. Research continues into the character and methods of the Zulu warrior king, whose reign still greatly influences South African culture.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka_Zulu

[Exomag]

Flying Spaghetti Monster

The Flying Spaghetti Monster (FSM) is the deity of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or Pastafarianism, a movement that promotes a light-hearted view of religion and opposes the teaching of intelligent design and creationism in public schools. Although adherents state that Pastafarianism is a genuine religion, it is generally recognized by the media as a parody religion.

The "Flying Spaghetti Monster" was first described in a satirical open letter written by Bobby Henderson in 2005 to protest the Kansas State Board of Education decision to permit teaching intelligent design as an alternative to evolution in public school science classes. In that letter, Henderson satirized creationist ideas by professing his belief that whenever a scientist carbon dates an object, a supernatural creator that closely resembles spaghetti and meatballs is there "changing the results with His Noodly Appendage". Henderson argued that his beliefs and intelligent design were equally valid, and called for Flying Spaghetti Monsterism to be allotted equal time in science classrooms alongside intelligent design and evolution. After Henderson published the letter on his website, the Flying Spaghetti Monster rapidly became an Internet phenomenon and a symbol used against teaching intelligent design in public schools.

Pastafarian tenets are generally satires of creationism. They are presented both on Henderson's Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster website, where he is described as "prophet", and in The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, written by Henderson and published by Villiard Press in 2006. The central belief is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe. Pirates are revered as the original Pastafarians (a portmanteau of pasta and Rastafarian), and Henderson asserts that the steady decline in the number of pirates over the years has resulted in global warming, alluding to the concept that correlation does not imply causation. The FSM community currently congregates at Henderson's website to share ideas and crafts devoted to the Flying Spaghetti Monster and post "sightings" of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.

Because of its popularity and exposure, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is often used as a contemporary version of Russell's teapot – an argument that the philosophic burden of proof lies upon those who make unfalsifiable claims, not on those who reject them. The Flying Spaghetti Monster has received criticism from proponents of intelligent design. Pastafarians have engaged in religious disputes, including in Polk County, Florida, where they played a role in dissuading the local school board from adopting new rules on teaching evolution.



Source: Wikipedia

[Karaμazoβ]

Η Βικτωριανή Εποχή



Στις 20 Ιουνίου 1837 ανέβηκε στο θρόνο της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας η 18χρονη Αλεξαντρίνα Βικτωρία. Μία πεισματάρα, σκυθρωπή, αγέλαστη, σεμνότυφη γυναίκα, με εννέα παιδιά και γερμανό σύζυγο, που κυβέρνησε για 64 χρόνια (όσο κανένας άλλος βρετανός μονάρχης) και σηματοδότησε την εποχή της, που έμεινε στην ιστορία ως «βικτωριανή». Έναν όρο, που χρησιμοποιούμε σήμερα για να χαρακτηρίσουμε τις παρωχημένες ηθικές αξίες και την υποκρισία.

Στους νεώτερους το όνομά της δεν λέει και πολλά πράγματα, παρά μόνο ως κακή ανάμνηση στους λαούς που γνώρισαν την αποικιοκρατία των Βρετανών. Ο σταθμός Βικτώρια στον υπόγειο σιδηρόδρομο του Λονδίνου και οι περίφημοι καταρράκτες Βικτώρια στην Αφρική είναι δύο σημεία του κόσμου, όπου το όνομά της επιζεί. Για όσους, όμως, από τους συμπατριώτες της έχουν μνήμη, η εποχή της σημαίνει πολλά.

Στα χρόνια της Βικτωρίας η χώρα της έφθασε στη μέγιστη ακμή και όπως λεγόταν ο ήλιος της βρετανικής αυτοκρατορίας δεν έδυε ποτέ. Η πατρίδα της γνώρισε σταθερότητα, παρά τις κραυγαλέες κοινωνικές ανισότητες, σε μία Ευρώπη, όπου κυριαρχούσε η ανασφάλεια. Η δημοκρατία διευρύνθηκε με την είσοδο στο εκλογικό παιγνίδι όλου του ανδρικού πληθυσμού, ενώ σταδιακά διαμορφώθηκε η σχέση ηγεμόνα και πολιτικής εξουσίας: «Ο βασιλιάς βασιλεύει και δεν κυβερνά». Η Βικτωρία έκανε τη μοναρχία σεβαστή, εξασφαλίζοντας τη μακροημέρευσή της, όχι ως πολιτικής δύναμης, αλλά ως πολιτικού θεσμού. Κορυφαίοι σύμβουλοί της, όπως οι Ντισραέλι, Γλάδστων και Πάλμερστον, αναδείχθηκαν μεγάλοι πολιτικοί άνδρες και κυβέρνησαν τη χώρα.

Η επιστημονική και τεχνολογική πρόοδος στην εποχή της υπήρξε κολοσσιαία, με την κορύφωση της Βιομηχανικής Επανάστασης. Ο Δαρβίνος άλλαξε την άποψη που βλέπουμε τη ζωή, η ιατρική προόδευσε ραγδαία, η τέχνη της φωτογραφίας εξαπλώθηκε, η βιομηχανία ποδηλάτων γνώρισε μεγάλες δόξες, ο κινηματογράφος και το αυτοκίνητο έκαναν δειλά την εμφάνισή τους περί τα τέλη της βασιλείας της.

Κορυφαία ονόματα της πέννας, όπως οι Ντίκενς, Λιούις Κάρολ, Κίπλινγκ, Τένισον, Λιούις Στίβενσον, οι αδελφές Μπροντέ, απαθανάτισαν με τα έργα τους την εποχή της και προείδαν το μέλλον, όπως ο Γουέλς. Ακόμη και ο εκ των ιδρυτών του επιστημονικού σοσιαλισμού Κάρολος Μαρξ ζήτησε καταφύγιο στο Λονδίνο, όπου άφησε τα εγκόσμια και το μνημείο του στο Χάιγκεϊτ αποτελεί ένα από τα αξιοθέατα του Λονδίνου. Πίστευε ακράδαντα ότι η σοσιαλιστική επανάσταση θα ξεκινήσει από τη Μεγάλη Βρετανία.

 http://www.sansimera.gr/articles/281#ixzz2WkcYmik2






The Victorian era of British history was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence for Britain. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities and political concerns to the passage of the Reform Act 1832. The era was preceded by the Georgian period and followed by the Edwardian period. The latter half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe and the Gilded Age of the United States.

Culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and the arts. In international relations the era was a long period of peace, known as the Pax Britannica, and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War in 1854. The end of the period saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform, industrial reform and the widening of the voting franchise.

Two especially important figures in this period of British history are the prime ministers Gladstone and Disraeli, whose contrasting views changed the course of history. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Tory. His rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall law-making of the era.

[...]

During the early part of the era, the House of Commons was headed by the two parties, the Whigs and the Tories. From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the Liberals; the Tories became the Conservatives. These parties were led by many prominent statesmen including Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, William Ewart Gladstone, Benjamin Disraeli, and Lord Salisbury. The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later Victorian era, particularly in view of Gladstone's determination to achieve a political settlement. Indeed, these issues would eventually lead to the Easter Rising of 1916 and the subsequent domino effect that would play a large part in the fall of the empire.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era

[Tempus Fugit]

http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php

It is estimated that, if nothing is done, half of 6000 plus languages spoken today will disappear by the end of this century. With the disappearance of unwritten and undocumented languages, humanity would lose not only a cultural wealth but also important ancestral knowledge embedded, in particular, in indigenous languages.

However, this process is neither inevitable nor irreversible: well-planned and implemented language policies can bolster the ongoing efforts of speaker communities to maintain or revitalize their mother tongues and pass them on to younger generations