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[Ανεβάζετε τα θέματα των εξετάσεων στον τομέα Downloads]

Είσαι πρωτοετής;... Καλώς ήρθες! Μπορείς να βρεις πληροφορίες εδώ. Βοήθεια για τους καινούργιους μέσω χάρτη.

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[height=400]

  Όταν ανεβάζουμε φωτογραφίες στις Ανακοινώσεις και Έκτακτα νέα, βάζουμε τη μεγαλύτερη πλευρά 400 (width=400 ή height=400 ). π.χ. [img height=400 (κλείνει η αγκύλη) 

[Karaμazoβ]

People's war (simplified Chinese: 人民战争; traditional Chinese: 人民戰爭), also called protracted people's war, is a military-political strategy first developed by the Chinese Communist revolutionary and political leader Mao Zedong (1893–1976). The basic concept behind People's War is to maintain the support of the population and draw the enemy deep into the interior where the population will bleed them dry through a mix of Mobile Warfare and guerrilla warfare. It was used by the Communists against the Nationalist Government in the Chinese Civil War.

The term is used by Maoists for their strategy of long-term armed revolutionary struggle [...] The strategy of people's war was used heavily by the Viet Cong in the Vietnam War. However protracted war should not be confused with the "foco" theory employed by Che Guevara and Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution of 1959.



Overview

People's war doctrine in China

In its original formulation by Mao Zedong, people's war exploits the few advantages that a small revolutionary movement has—broad-based popular support can be one of them—against a state's power with a large and well-equipped army. People's war strategically avoids decisive battles, since a tiny force of a few dozen soldiers would easily be routed in an all-out confrontation with the state. Instead, it favours a three stage strategy of protracted warfare, with carefully chosen battles that can realistically be won.

In stage one, revolutionary force conducting people's war starts in a remote area with mountainous or otherwise difficult terrain in which its enemy is weak. It attempts to establish a local stronghold known as a revolutionary base area. As it grows in power, it enters stage two, establishes other revolutionary base areas and spreads its influence through the surrounding countryside, where it may become the governing power and gain popular support through such programmes as land reform. Eventually in stage three, the movement has enough strength to encircle and capture small cities, then larger ones, until finally it seizes power in the entire country.

[...]

People's war doctrine outside of China

Outside of China, the people's war doctrine has been successful in Cuba, Nepal, and Nicaragua, but generally unsuccessful elsewhere in which the government has the will and the means to break up the movement before it can establish base areas.

Outside of China, people's war has been basis of wars started in Peru on May 17, 1980, and in the Nepalese Civil War begun on February 13, 1996. A group of Peruvian Maoists known as the Shining Path at times controlled significant parts of the country during the internal conflict in Peru, but they were dealt a blow by the arrest of their leader Abimael Guzmán in 1992. While they claim to consider this event only a "bend in the road", most independent sources have claimed them to be in decline since that time.

By all accounts, at the height of the conflict in Peru, both the Shining Path and the Peruvian government used terror tactics against the civilian population, especially in the countryside. Government tactics included sponsorship of death squads; Shining Path tactics included violent attacks on trade unionists and others they saw as rivals for the leadership of those opposing the government. This has made it very difficult to get any objective measure of support among the peasantry for either the government or the Maoist insurgents, since such tactics on both sides are liable to intimidate people, but unlikely to win hearts and minds.

In Nepal, the Maoists succeeded in controlling most of the country and formed 100,000 troops into 3 divisions in what they called the "beginning of the strategic offensive". The Nepalese rebels also resorted to conscription, a practice that Mao himself opposed. By aligning with the democracy movement, with the subsequent restoration of democracy, and a peace agreement with the government, the Maoist insurgency met sufficient success to allow the formation of a coalition government in 2008.

In India, the Naxalite Maoist insurgency controls several rural districts in the eastern and southern regions, especially in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

[...]



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_war

[christinette]

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2649274/A-step-far-New-Lifetime-reality-film-women-giving-BIRTH-wild-no-help-doctors.html

ίου

[Meh]

ngv

[christinette]

εμετός

+oo

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all you need is love που λεν και οι beatles

http://www.trelokouneli.gr/ine-molis-31-eton-ke-echi-schesi-me-mia-91/

[Karaμazoβ]

Climate

Thessaloniki's climate is directly affected by the sea it is situated on.The city lies in a transitional climatic zone, so its climate displays characteristics of several climates. According to the Köppen climate classification, it is a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) that borders on a semi-arid climate (BSk), with annual average precipitation of 450 millimetres (18 in) due to the Pindus rain shadow drying the westerly winds. However, the city has a summer precipitation between 20 to 30 millimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in), which borders it close to a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa).



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki#Climate

[Joseph D.]

Harriet (c. 1830 – June 23, 2006) was a Galápagos tortoise (Geochelone nigra porteri) who had an estimated age of 175 years at the time of her death in Australia.

[...]

She was reportedly collected by Charles Darwin during his 1835 visit to the Galápagos Islands as part of his round-the-world survey expedition, transported to England, and then brought to her final home, Australia, by a retiring captain of the Beagle. However, some doubt was cast on this story by the fact that Darwin had never visited the island that Harriet originally came from.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_%28tortoise%29

[Exomag]

Paul Erdős

Paul Erdős (Hungarian: Erdős Pál [ˈɛrdøːʃ paːl]; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician. Erdős worked with hundreds of collaborators, pursuing problems in combinatorics, graph theory, number theory, classical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory. He was also known for his eccentric personality.

Early life, education, life, and death
Paul Erdős was born to Jewish parents in Budapest, Hungary, on March 26, 1913. He was the only surviving child of Anna and Lajos Erdős (formerly Engländer);[5] his siblings died before he was born, aged 3 and 5. His parents were both mathematics teachers from a vibrant intellectual community. His fascination with mathematics developed early—at the age of four, he could calculate in his head how many seconds a person had lived, given their age.

Both of Erdős's parents were high school mathematics teachers, and Erdős received much of his early education from them. Erdős always remembered his parents with great affection. At 16, his father introduced him to two of his lifetime favorite subjects—infinite series and set theory. During high school, Erdős became an ardent solver of the problems proposed each month in KöMaL, the Mathematical and Physical Monthly for Secondary Schools.

Erdős later published several articles in it about problems in elementary plane geometry.

In 1934, at the age of 21, he was awarded a doctorate in mathematics from the University of Budapest . Erdős's thesis advisor was Leopold Fejér (or Fejér Lipót), who was also the thesis advisor for John von Neumann, George Pólya, and Paul (Pál) Turán.

On September 20, 1996, at the age of 83, he had a heart attack and died while attending a conference in Warsaw. He never married and had no children. He is buried next to his mother and father in grave 17A-6-29 at Kozma Utcai Temető in Budapest. For his epitaph, he suggested "I've finally stopped getting dumber." (Hungarian: "Végre nem butulok tovább").

His life was documented in the film N Is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős, made while he was still alive, and posthumously in the book The Man Who Loved Only Numbers (1998).

Erdős's name contains the Hungarian letter "ő" ("o" with double acute accent). This has led to many misspellings in the literature, typically Erdos or Erdös, either "by mistake or out of typographical necessity".


Personality
Possessions meant little to Erdős; most of his belongings would fit in a suitcase, as dictated by his itinerant lifestyle. Awards and other earnings were generally donated to people in need and various worthy causes. He spent most of his life as a vagabond, traveling between scientific conferences and the homes of colleagues all over the world. He would typically show up at a colleague's doorstep and announce "my brain is open", staying long enough to collaborate on a few papers before moving on a few days later. In many cases, he would ask the current collaborator about whom to visit next.

His colleague Alfréd Rényi said, "a mathematician is a machine for turning coffee into theorems", and Erdős drank copious quantities. (This quotation is often attributed incorrectly to Erdős, but Erdős himself ascribed it to Rényi.) After 1971 he also took amphetamines, despite the concern of his friends, one of whom (Ron Graham) bet him $500 that he could not stop taking the drug for a month. Erdős won the bet, but complained that during his abstinence, mathematics had been set back by a month: "Before, when I looked at a piece of blank paper my mind was filled with ideas. Now all I see is a blank piece of paper." After he won the bet, he promptly resumed his amphetamine use.

He had his own idiosyncratic vocabulary: Although an agnostic atheist, he spoke of "The Book", a visualization of a book in which God had written down the best and most elegant proofs for mathematical theorems. Lecturing in 1985 he said, "You don't have to believe in God, but you should believe in The Book." He himself doubted the existence of God, whom he called SF. He accused SF of hiding his socks and Hungarian passports, and of keeping the most elegant mathematical proofs to himself. When he saw a particularly beautiful mathematical proof he would exclaim, "This one's from The Book!". This later inspired a book entitled Proofs from THE BOOK.

Other idiosyncratic elements of Erdős's vocabulary include:

• Children were referred to as "epsilons" (because in mathematics, particularly calculus, an arbitrarily small positive quantity is commonly denoted by the Greek letter (ε))
• Women were "bosses"
• Men were "slaves"
• People who stopped doing mathematics had "died"
• People who physically died had "left"
• Alcoholic drinks were "poison"
• Music (except classical music) was "noise"
• People who had married were "captured"
• People who had divorced were "liberated"
• To give a mathematical lecture was "to preach"
• To give an oral exam to a student was "to torture" him/her.

He gave nicknames to many countries, examples are: the U.S. is "samland" (after Uncle Sam), the Soviet Union is "joedom" (after Joseph Stalin), and Israel is "isreal".


Career
In 1934, he moved to Manchester, England, to be a guest lecturer. In 1938, he accepted his first American position as a scholarship holder at Princeton University. At this time, he began to develop the habit of traveling from campus to campus. He would not stay long in one place and traveled back and forth among mathematical institutions until his death.

In 1952, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services denied Erdős, a Hungarian citizen, a re-entry visa into the United States, for reasons that have never been fully explained. Teaching at University of Notre Dame at the time, Erdős could have chosen to remain in the country. Instead, he packed up and left, albeit requesting reconsideration from the U.S. Immigration Services at periodic intervals.

Hungary, back then, was under the Warsaw Pact with the Soviet Union. Although the Soviet Union limited the freedom of its own citizens to enter and exit the country, the Soviet Union gave Erdős the exclusive privilege of being allowed to enter and exit Hungary as he pleased in 1956.

The U.S. Immigration Services later on granted a visa in 1963 to Erdős and he resumed including American universities in his teaching and travels. Ten years later, the 60-year-old Erdős left voluntarily from Hungary in 1973.

During the last decades of his life, Erdős received at least fifteen honorary doctorates. He became a member of the scientific academies of eight countries, including the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the UK Royal Society. Shortly before his death, he renounced his honorary degree from the University of Waterloo over what he considered to be unfair treatment of colleague Adrian Bondy.

Mathematical work
Erdős was one of the most prolific publishers of papers in mathematical history, comparable only with Leonhard Euler; Erdős published more papers, mostly in collaboration with other mathematicians, while Euler published more pages, mostly by himself. Erdős wrote around 1,525 mathematical articles in his lifetime, mostly with co-authors. He strongly believed in and practiced mathematics as a social activity, having 511 different collaborators in his lifetime.

In his mathematical style, Erdős was much more of a "problem solver" than a "theory developer". (See "The Two Cultures of Mathematics" by Timothy Gowers for an in-depth discussion of the two styles, and why problem solvers are perhaps less appreciated.) Joel Spencer states that "his place in the 20th-century mathematical pantheon is a matter of some controversy because he resolutely concentrated on particular theorems and conjectures throughout his illustrious career." Erdős never won the highest mathematical prize, the Fields Medal, nor did he coauthor a paper with anyone who did, a pattern that extends to other prizes. He did win the Wolf Prize, where his contribution is described as "for his numerous contributions to number theory, combinatorics, probability, set theory and mathematical analysis, and for personally stimulating mathematicians the world over". In contrast, the works of the three winners after were recognized as "outstanding", "classic", and "profound", and the three before as "fundamental" or "seminal".

Of his contributions, the development of Ramsey theory and the application of the probabilistic method especially stand out. Extremal combinatorics owes to him a whole approach, derived in part from the tradition of analytic number theory. Erdős found a proof for Bertrand's postulate which proved to be far neater than Chebyshev's original one. He also discovered an elementary proof for the prime number theorem, along with Atle Selberg. However, the circumstances leading up to the proofs, as well as publication disagreements, led to a bitter dispute between Erdős and Selberg. Erdős also contributed to fields in which he had little real interest, such as topology, where he is credited as the first person to give an example of a totally disconnected topological space that is not zero-dimensional.

Erdős' problems
Throughout his career, Erdős would offer payments for solutions to unresolved problems. These ranged from $25 for problems that he felt were just out of the reach of the current mathematical thinking (both his and others), to several thousand dollars for problems that were both difficult to attack and mathematically significant. There are thought to be at least a thousand such unpaid payments, though there is no official or comprehensive list. The offers remain active despite Erdős's death; Ronald Graham is the (informal) administrator of solutions. The solvers can get either the original check signed by Erdős before his death (for memento only, can not be cashed) or a cashable check from Graham.

Perhaps the most mathematically notable of these problems is the Erdős conjecture on arithmetic progressions:

If the sum of the reciprocals of a sequence of integers diverges, then the sequence contains arithmetic progressions of arbitrary length.

If true, it would solve several other open problems in number theory (although one main implication of the conjecture, that the prime numbers contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions, has since been proved independently as the Green–Tao theorem). The payment for the solution of the problem is currently worth US$5000.

The most familiar problem with an Erdős prize is likely the Collatz conjecture, also called the 3N + 1 problem. Erdős offered $500 for a solution.

Collaborators
His most frequent collaborators include Hungarian mathematicians András Sárközy (62 papers) and András Hajnal (56 papers), and American mathematician Ralph Faudree (50 papers).

[...]


Erdős number
Because of his prolific output, friends created the Erdős number as a humorous tribute. An Erdős number describes a person's degree of separation from Erdős himself, based on their collaboration with him, or with another who has their own Erdős number. Erdős alone was assigned the Erdős number of 0 (for being himself), while his immediate collaborators could claim an Erdős number of 1, their collaborators have Erdős number at most 2, and so on. Approximately 200,000 mathematicians have an assigned Erdős number, and some have estimated that 90 percent of the world's active mathematicians have an Erdős number smaller than 8 (not surprising in light of the small world phenomenon). Due to collaborations with mathematicians, many scientists in fields such as physics, engineering, biology, and economics have Erdős numbers as well.

Jerry Grossman has written that it could be argued that Baseball Hall of Famer Hank Aaron can be considered to have an Erdős number of 1 because they both autographed the same baseball when Emory University awarded them honorary degrees on the same day.[44] Erdős numbers have also been proposed for an infant, a horse, and several actors.

The Erdős number was most likely first defined by Casper Goffman, an analyst whose own Erdős number is 2. Goffman published his observations about Erdős's prolific collaboration in a 1969 article titled "And what is your Erdős number?"



Source: Wikipedia

[Ex_Mechanus]

poli reddit peftei

[Karaμazoβ]

Σφαιρωτό σμήνος ή σφαιρωτό αστρικό σμήνος ονομάζεται στην αστρονομία μία σχετικώς πυκνή συγκέντρωση αστέρων με σφαιρικό ή σχεδόν σφαιρικό σχήμα, που περιφέρεται γύρω από το κέντρο ενός γαλαξία ως δορυφόρος του. Οι αστέρες που αποτελούν τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη είναι ισχυρώς δεσμευμένοι από τη βαρύτητα του κάθε σμήνους, πράγμα που δίνει στα σμήνη αυτά το σφαιρικό τους σχήμα και σχετικώς υψηλές αριθμητικές πυκνότητες αστέρων (δηλ. αστέρες ανά κυβικό έτος φωτός) στην κεντρική τους περιοχή. Τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη, που βρίσκονται στην άλω ενός γαλαξία, περιέχουν πολύ περισσότερους αστέρες ανά σμήνος από ό,τι τα ανοικτά ή γαλαξιακά σμήνη, τα οποία βρίσκονται στον δίσκο του ίδιου γαλαξία. Τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη είναι αρκετά συνηθισμένα: υπάρχουν περί τα 150 ως 158 γνωστά που ανήκουν στον Γαλαξία μας, ενώ άλλα 10 ως 20 πιστεύεται ότι δεν έχουν ανακαλυφθεί ακόμα. Οι μεγάλοι γαλαξίες μπορεί να έχουν περισσότερα: Ο Γαλαξίας της Ανδρομέδας π.χ. μπορεί να έχει 400 ή 500. Ορισμένοι γιγάντιοι ελλειπτικοί γαλαξίες, ιδίως όσοι βρίσκονται στα κέντρα σμηνών γαλαξιών όπως ο M87, μπορεί να διαθέτουν μέχρι και 13.000 σφαιρωτά σμήνη. Αυτά τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη περιφέρονται σε μεγάλη απόσταση από το κέντρο του γαλαξία τους, 131.000 έτη φωτός ή και περισσότερο.





[...]

Παρότι φαίνεται ότι τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη περιέχουν κάποιους από τους αρχαιότερους αστέρες στο Σύμπαν, η προέλευση και ο ρόλος τους στη γαλαξιακή εξέλιξη δεν έχουν ακόμα ξεκαθαριστεί. Τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη είναι πολύ διαφορετικά από τους νάνους ελλειπτικούς γαλαξίες και δημιουργήθηκαν ως μέρος της δημιουργίας αστέρων του μητρικού τους γαλαξία, όχι ως ξεχωριστός μικρός γαλαξίας. Ωστόσο, πρόσφατες εικασίες κάποιων αστρονόμων θέλουν τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη και τους νάνους σφαιροειδείς γαλαξίες συγγενικούς τύπους αστρικών σχηματισμών.




Σύσταση

Τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη συνήθως αποτελούνται από μερικές εκατοντάδες χιλιάδες ως 2 εκατομμύρια αστέρες μεγάλης ηλικίας και χαμηλής περιεκτικότητας σε μέταλλα. Ο τύπος αστέρων που παρατηρούμε σε ένα σφαιρωτό σμήνος είναι παρόμοιος με εκείνο του κεντρικού εξογκώματος του Γαλαξία μας ή άλλου σπειροειδούς γαλαξία, αλλά στο σμήνος συνωστίζονται σε ένα όγκο της τάξεως των εκατό κυβικών ετών φωτός, χωρίς ενδιάμεσο αέριο και σκόνη: υποτίθεται ότι όλη η διαστρική ύλη έχει μετατραπεί σε αστέρες εδώ και πολλά εκατομμύρια χρόνια.

Στα σφαιρωτά σμήνη η αριθμητική πυκνότητα αστέρων μπορεί να είναι μεγαλύτερη από οπουδήποτε αλλού στο Σύμπαν: κατά μέσο όρο στην περιφέρεια είναι 14 αστέρες ανά κυβικό έτος φωτός, αλλά στην κεντρική περιοχή αυτή η πυκνότητα αυξάνεται σε 4.000 ως 35.000 αστέρες ανά κυβικό έτος φωτός.Τέτοια περιβάλλοντα δεν θεωρούνται ευνοϊκά για την ύπαρξη σταθερών πλανητικών συστημάτων. Οι τροχιές πλανητών θα είναι δυναμικά ασταθείς στην κεντρική περιοχή ενός πυκνού σφαιρωτού σμήνους εξαιτίας των βαρυτικών διαταραχών από την κοντινή διέλευση άλλων αστέρων. `Ενας πλανήτης σε τροχιά των διαστάσεων της γήινης τροχιάς γύρω από κάποιο αστέρα στον πυρήνα ενός σμήνους όπως το 47 Τουκάνας θα έμενε στην τροχιά του για περίπου 10^8 έτη. Υπάρχει ένα πλανητικό σύστημα γύρω από ένα πάλσαρ (τον PSR B1620−26) που ανήκει στο σφαιρωτό σμήνος M4 στον Σκορπιό, αλλά αυτοί οι πλανήτες σχηματίζονται πιθανότατα μετά το γεγονός που δημιούργησε τον πάλσαρ.

Σε πολλά σφαιρωτά σμήνη οι περισσότεροι αστέρες βρίσκονται στο ίδιο περίπου στάδιο αστρικής εξελίξεως, υποδεικνύοντας ότι γεννήθηκαν περίπου την ίδια εποχή. Ωστόσο, η αστρική γένεση έχει διαφορετική ιστορία από σμήνος σε σμήνος: ορισμένα σμήνη παρουσιάζουν διακριτούς αστρικούς πληθυσμούς, όπως τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη στο Μέγα Νέφος του Μαγγελάνου (LMC), στα οποία παρατηρούνται δύο πληθυσμοί. Πριν από εκατοντάδες εκατομμύρια χρόνια, τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη του LMC ίσως να συνάντησαν γιγάντια μοριακά νέφη που πυροδότησαν ένα δεύτερο γύρο σχηματισμού αστέρων. Δεν είναι γνωστό κάποιο σφαιρωτό σμήνος που να παρουσιάζει ενεργό σχηματισμό αστέρων, πράγμα που συμφωνεί με την άποψη ότι τα σφαιρωτά σμήνη είναι τα παλαιότερα αντικείμενα στον Γαλαξία, από τις πρώτες συγκεντρώσεις αστέρων που σχηματίσθηκαν. Πολύ μεγάλες περιοχές σχηματισμού νέων αστέρων που είναι γνωστές ως αστρικά υπερσμήνη, όπως το Westerlund 1 στον Γαλαξία, ίσως να είναι πρόδρομοι σφαιρωτών σμηνών.

Ορισμένα σφαιρωτά σμήνη, όπως το Ωμέγα Κενταύρου στον Γαλαξία μας και το G1 στον Γαλαξία της Ανδρομέδας, έχουν εξαιρετικά μεγάλη μάζα, ίση με πολλά εκατομμύρια ηλιακές μάζες και διακριτούς αστρικούς πληθυσμούς. Αμφότερα μπορούν να θεωρηθούν ως μία ένδειξη ότι τα μεγαλύτερα σφαιρωτά σμήνη αποτελούν στην πραγματικότητα τους πυρήνες νάνων γαλαξιών που «απορροφώνται» από μεγαλύτερους γαλαξίες. Περί το 1/4 των σφαιρωτών σμηνών του Γαλαξία μας ίσως να έχουν «προσαρτηθεί» από τον Γαλαξία μαζί με τους περιβάλλοντες αυτά νάνους γαλαξίες.

Αρκετά σφαιρωτά σμήνη, όπως το M15, διαθέτουν πυρήνες πολύ μεγάλης μάζας που ίσως να φιλοξενούν μαύρες τρύπες, παρότι προσομοιώσεις σε υπολογιστές υποδεικνύουν ότι μία μαύρη τρύπα, μία κεντρική συγκέντρωση αστέρων νετρονίων ή περισσότερων λευκών νάνων μπορούν να εξηγήσουν τις παρατηρήσεις εξίσου καλά.

[...]

http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C_%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_cluster

[Karaμazoβ]

The term Oedipus complex (or, less commonly, Oedipal complex) denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrates upon a child's desire to sexually possess the parent of the opposite sex (e.g. males attracted to their mothers, whereas females are attracted to their fathers). Sigmund Freud, who coined the term "Oedipus complex" believed that the Oedipus complex is a desire for the parent in both males and females; Freud deprecated the term "Electra complex", which was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung in regard to the Oedipus complex manifested in young girls.

[...]

In classical Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a child's identification with the same-sex parent is the successful resolution of the Oedipus complex and of the Electra complex. This is a key psychological experience that is necessary for the development of a mature sexual role and identity. Sigmund Freud further proposed that boys and girls experience the complexes differently: boys in a form of castration anxiety, girls in a form of penis envy; and that unsuccessful resolution of the complexes might lead to neurosis, paedophilia, and homosexuality. Men and women who are fixated in the Oedipal and Electra stages of their psychosexual development might be considered "mother-fixated" and "father-fixated". In adult life this can lead to a choice of a sexual partner who resembles one's parent.

Background

[...]

Freud described the man Oedipus:

His destiny moves us only because it might have been ours — because the Oracle laid the same curse upon us before our birth as upon him. It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father. Our dreams convince us that this is so.

[...]


The Oedipus complex



In classical psychoanalytic theory, the Oedipus complex occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development (age 3–6 years), when also occurs the formation of the libido and the ego; yet it might manifest itself at an earlier age.

In the phallic stage, a boy's decisive psychosexual experience is the Oedipus complex — his son–father competition for possession of mother. It is in this third stage of psychosexual development that the child's genitalia are his or her primary erogenous zone; thus, when children become aware of their bodies, the bodies of other children, and the bodies of their parents, they gratify physical curiosity by undressing and exploring themselves, each other, and their genitals, so learning the anatomic differences between "male" and "female" and the gender differences between "boy" and "girl".

Psychosexual infantilism — Despite mother being the parent who primarily gratifies the child's desires, the child begins forming a discrete sexual identity — "boy", "girl" — that alters the dynamics of the parent and child relationship; the parents become objects of infantile libidinal energy. The boy directs his libido (sexual desire) upon his mother, and directs jealousy and emotional rivalry against his father — because it is he who sleeps with his mother. Moreover, to facilitate union with mother, the boy's id wants to kill father (as did Oedipus), but the pragmatic ego, based upon the reality principle, knows that the father is the stronger of the two males competing to possess the one female. Nonetheless, the boy remains ambivalent about his father's place in the family, which is manifested as fear of castration by the physically greater father; the fear is an irrational, subconscious manifestation of the infantile id.

Psycho-logic defense — In both sexes, defense mechanisms provide transitory resolutions of the conflict between the drives of the id and the drives of the ego. The first defense mechanism is repression, the blocking of memories, emotional impulses, and ideas from the conscious mind; yet its action does not resolve the id–ego conflict. The second defense mechanism is identification, in which the boy or girl child adapts by incorporating, to his or her (super)ego, the personality characteristics of the same-sex parent. As a result of this, the boy diminishes his castration anxiety, because his likeness to father protects him from father's wrath in their maternal rivalry. In the case of the girl, this facilitates identifying with mother, who understands that, in being females, neither of them possesses a penis, and thus are not antagonists.

Dénouement — Unresolved son–father competition for the psycho-sexual possession of the mother might result in a phallic stage fixation that leads to the boy becoming an aggressive, over-ambitious, and vain man. Therefore, the satisfactory parental handling and resolution of the Oedipus complex are most important in developing the male infantile super-ego. This is because, by identifying with a parent, the boy internalizes Morality; thereby, he chooses to comply with societal rules, rather than reflexively complying in fear of punishment.

[...]

Feminine Oedipus attitude



Initially, Freud equally applied the Oedipus complex to the psychosexual development of boys and girls, but later modified the female aspects of the theory as "feminine Oedipus attitude" and "negative Oedipus complex";yet, it was his student–collaborator Carl Jung, who, in 1913, proposed the Electra complex to describe a girl's daughter–mother competition for psychosexual possession of the father.

In the phallic stage, a girl's Electra complex is her decisive psychodynamic experience in forming a discrete sexual identity (ego). Whereas a boy develops castration anxiety, a girl develops penis envy rooted in anatomic fact: without a penis, she cannot sexually possess mother, as the infantile id demands. Resultantly, the girl redirects her desire for sexual union upon father, thus progressing to heterosexual femininity, which culminates in bearing a child, who replaces the absent penis.Furthermore, after the phallic stage, the girl's psychosexual development includes transferring her primary erogenous zone from the infantile clitoris to the adult vagina.

Freud thus considered a girl's negative Oedipus complex to be more emotionally intense than that of a boy, resulting, potentially, in a woman of submissive, insecure personality;thus might an unresolved Electra complex, daughter–mother competition for psychosexual possession of father, lead to a phallic-stage fixation conducive to a girl becoming a woman who continually strives to dominate men (viz. penis envy), either as an unusually seductive woman (high self-esteem) or as an unusually submissive woman (low self-esteem). Therefore, the satisfactory parental handling and resolution of the Electra complex are most important in developing the female infantile super-ego, because, by identifying with a parent, the girl internalizes Morality; thereby, she chooses to comply with societal rules, rather than reflexively complying in fear of punishment.


[...]


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_complex

[princess_of_the_dawn]

Black Mass

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPNqrj-ZYGc" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPNqrj-ZYGc</a>
δε ξέρω πως μου ήρθε

[Mathematica]

Καραμανε για τα σφαιρωτα σμηνη δεν ειναι ολα σωστα

[Karaμazoβ]

Καραμανε για τα σφαιρωτα σμηνη δεν ειναι ολα σωστα

Διόρθωσε ο,τι βλεπεις λάθος, για να μάθουμε και τίποτα.

Black Mass

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPNqrj-ZYGc" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPNqrj-ZYGc</a>
δε ξέρω πως μου ήρθε

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JlqQ9xAYN0" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JlqQ9xAYN0</a>

[Mathematica]

Καραμανε για τα σφαιρωτα σμηνη δεν ειναι ολα σωστα

Διόρθωσε ο,τι βλεπεις λάθος, για να μάθουμε και τίποτα.

κυριως ηθελα να επισημανω οτι η δημιουργια και η εξελιξη τους ειναι καλα προσδιορισμενη απο τη θεωρια της δημιουργιας γαλαξιων απο προτογαλαξιακα θραυσματα μεσω της βαρυτικης καταρρευσης

επισης δεν εχουν σχεση με τους νανους γαλαξιες γιατι οι διαδικασιες σχηματισμου αλλα πανω απ ολα η ιδια η δομη ειναι διαφορετικα! Ακομα, το οτι περιεχουν τα παλαιοτερα αστρα στους Γαλαξιες το βλεπουμε μεσω παρατηρησεων λογω των φασματικων τυπων των αστερων αυτων και τη θεση τους στο διαγραμμα αστρικης εξελιξης. Περα απο αυτο, ηθελα να πω πως δεν περιστρεφονται γυρω απο το κεντρο των γαλαξιων αλλα βρισκονται στην αλω τους, και αυτο ακριβως εχει να κανει με τη σειρα σχηματισμου των διαφορων συνιστωσων ενος γαλαξια οταν αυτος δημιουργειται, για τον οποιο λογο και οι φασματικοι τυποι των αστεριων τους ειναι παρομοιοι με τους φασματικους τυπους των αστεριων του εξογκοματος. Δεν εχει βρεθει γαλαξιακο σμηνος που να φιλοξενει μαυρη τρυπα μεγαλης μαζας και η μαζα τους σχετιζεται με τον πληθυσμο των αστεριων και την πυκνοτητα τους.

Ακομα εχω την αισθηση πως ο Γαλαξιας μας ειναι μεγαλυτερος απο την Ανδρομεδα, αφου αν θυμαμαι καλα (που λογικα καλα θυμαμαι δηλαδη) ειναι ο μεγαλητερος στην τοπικη ομαδα γαλαξιων, στην οποια ανηκει φυσικα η Ανδρομεδα. Οι ελλειπτικοι γαλαξιες φαινεται οτι εχουν περισσοτερα σφαιρωτα σμηνη επειδη ειναι προγενεστερος τυπος γαλαξιων, δηλαδη κατα τη γαλαξιακη εξελιξη ειναι παλαιωτεροι.

Τελος, τα νεφη του Μαγγελανου δεν μπορουν να θεωρηθουν αντιπροσωπευτικο παραδειγμα και μετρο συγκρισης επειδη ανηκουν σε κατηγορια ανωμαλων (irregular) γαλαξιων ως προς τη μορφολογια αλλα και λογω του οτι βρισκονται σε διαδικασια ελλάσσονας προσαρτισης στο Γαλαξια μας, οπως φαινεται απο το Μαγγελανικο ρευμα.

Αυτα απο εμενα.

[Nerevar]

Philosophical zombie

A philosophical zombie or p-zombie in the philosophy of mind and perception is a hypothetical being that is indistinguishable from a normal human being except in that it lacks conscious experience, qualia, or sentience.[1] For example, a philosophical zombie could be poked with a sharp object, and not feel any pain sensation, but yet, behave exactly as if it does feel pain (it may say "ouch" and recoil from the stimulus, or tell us that it is in intense pain).

The notion of a philosophical zombie is used mainly in thought experiments intended to support arguments (often called "zombie arguments") against forms of physicalism such as materialism, behaviorism and functionalism. Physicalism is the idea that all aspects of human nature can be explained by physical means: specifically, all aspects of human nature and perception can be explained from a neurobiological standpoint. Some philosophers, like David Chalmers, argue that since a zombie is defined as physiologically indistinguishable from human beings, even its logical possibility would be a sound refutation of physicalism.[2] However, physicalists like Daniel Dennett counter that Chalmers's physiological zombies are logically incoherent and thus impossible.[3][4]

Types of zombie

Though philosophical zombies are widely used in thought experiments, the detailed articulation of the concept is not always the same. P-zombies were introduced primarily to argue against specific types of physicalism such as behaviorism, according to which mental states exist solely as behavior: belief, desire, thought, consciousness, and so on, are simply certain kinds of behavior or tendencies towards behaviors. A p-zombie that is behaviorally indistinguishable from a normal human being but lacks conscious experiences is therefore not logically possible according to the behaviorist, so an appeal to the logical possibility of a p-zombie furnishes an argument that behaviorism is false. Proponents of zombie arguments generally accept that p-zombies are not physically possible, while opponents necessarily deny that they are metaphysically or even logically possible.

The unifying idea of the zombie is of a human that has no conscious experience, but one might distinguish various types of zombie used in different thought experiments as follows:

• A behavioral zombie that is behaviorally indistinguishable from a human.
• A neurological zombie that has a human brain and is generally physiologically indistinguishable from a human.[5]
• A soulless zombie that lacks a "soul" of some description.

[..]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie